Athenian:  I say that governments are a cause—­democracy, oligarchy, tyranny, concerning which I have often spoken in the previous discourse; or rather governments they are not, for none of them exercises a voluntary rule over voluntary subjects; but they may be truly called states of discord, in which while the government is voluntary, the subjects always obey against their will, and have to be coerced; and the ruler fears the subject, and will not, if he can help, allow him to become either noble, or rich, or strong, or valiant, or warlike at all.  These two are the chief causes of almost all evils, and of the evils of which I have been speaking they are notably the causes.  But our state has escaped both of them; for her citizens have the greatest leisure, and they are not subject to one another, and will, I think, be made by these laws the reverse of lovers of money.  Such a constitution may be reasonably supposed to be the only one existing which will accept the education which we have described, and the martial pastimes which have been perfected according to our idea.

Cleinias:  True.

Athenian:  Then next we must remember, about all gymnastic contests, that only the warlike sort of them are to be practised and to have prizes of victory; and those which are not military are to be given up.  The military sort had better be completely described and established by law; and first, let us speak of running and swiftness.

Cleinias:  Very good.

Athenian:  Certainly the most military of all qualities is general activity of body, whether of foot or hand.  For escaping or for capturing an enemy, quickness of foot is required; but hand-to-hand conflict and combat need vigour and strength.

Cleinias:  Very true.

Athenian:  Neither of them can attain their greatest efficiency without arms.

Cleinias:  How can they?

Athenian:  Then our herald, in accordance with the prevailing practice, will first summon the runner—­he will appear armed, for to an unarmed competitor we will not give a prize.  And he shall enter first who is to run the single course bearing arms; next, he who is to run the double course; third, he who is to run the horse-course; and fourthly, he who is to run the long course; the fifth whom we start, shall be the first sent forth in heavy armour, and shall run a course of sixty stadia to some temple of Ares—­and we will send forth another, whom we will style the more heavily armed, to run over smoother ground.  There remains the archer; and he shall run in the full equipments of an archer a distance of 100 stadia over mountains, and across every sort of country, to a temple of Apollo and Artemis; this shall be the order of the contest, and we will wait for them until they return, and will give a prize to the conqueror in each.

Cleinias:  Very good.