Cleinias:  Certainly.

Athenian:  But if fear has such a power we ought to infer from these facts, that every soul which from youth upward has been familiar with fears, will be made more liable to fear (compare Republic), and every one will allow that this is the way to form a habit of cowardice and not of courage.

Cleinias:  No doubt.

Athenian:  And, on the other hand, the habit of overcoming, from our youth upwards, the fears and terrors which beset us, may be said to be an exercise of courage.

Cleinias:  True.

Athenian:  And we may say that the use of exercise and motion in the earliest years of life greatly contributes to create a part of virtue in the soul.

Cleinias:  Quite true.

Athenian:  Further, a cheerful temper, or the reverse, may be regarded as having much to do with high spirit on the one hand, or with cowardice on the other.

Cleinias:  To be sure.

Athenian:  Then now we must endeavour to show how and to what extent we may, if we please, without difficulty implant either character in the young.

Cleinias:  Certainly.

Athenian:  There is a common opinion, that luxury makes the disposition of youth discontented and irascible and vehemently excited by trifles; that on the other hand excessive and savage servitude makes men mean and abject, and haters of their kind, and therefore makes them undesirable associates.

Cleinias:  But how must the state educate those who do not as yet understand the language of the country, and are therefore incapable of appreciating any sort of instruction?

Athenian:  I will tell you how:—­Every animal that is born is wont to utter some cry, and this is especially the case with man, and he is also affected with the inclination to weep more than any other animal.

Cleinias:  Quite true.

Athenian:  Do not nurses, when they want to know what an infant desires, judge by these signs?—­when anything is brought to the infant and he is silent, then he is supposed to be pleased, but, when he weeps and cries out, then he is not pleased.  For tears and cries are the inauspicious signs by which children show what they love and hate.  Now the time which is thus spent is no less than three years, and is a very considerable portion of life to be passed ill or well.

Cleinias:  True.

Athenian:  Does not the discontented and ungracious nature appear to you to be full of lamentations and sorrows more than a good man ought to be?

Cleinias:  Certainly.

Athenian:  Well, but if during these three years every possible care were taken that our nursling should have as little of sorrow and fear, and in general of pain as was possible, might we not expect in early childhood to make his soul more gentle and cheerful? (Compare Arist.  Pol.)