Athenian:  And whether they are slaves or freemen makes no difference; they acquire their knowledge of medicine by obeying and observing their masters; empirically and not according to the natural way of learning, as the manner of freemen is, who have learned scientifically themselves the art which they impart scientifically to their pupils.  You are aware that there are these two classes of doctors?

Cleinias:  To be sure.

Athenian:  And did you ever observe that there are two classes of patients in states, slaves and freemen; and the slave doctors run about and cure the slaves, or wait for them in the dispensaries—­practitioners of this sort never talk to their patients individually, or let them talk about their own individual complaints?  The slave doctor prescribes what mere experience suggests, as if he had exact knowledge; and when he has given his orders, like a tyrant, he rushes off with equal assurance to some other servant who is ill; and so he relieves the master of the house of the care of his invalid slaves.  But the other doctor, who is a freeman, attends and practices upon freemen; and he carries his enquiries far back, and goes into the nature of the disorder; he enters into discourse with the patient and with his friends, and is at once getting information from the sick man, and also instructing him as far as he is able, and he will not prescribe for him until he has first convinced him; at last, when he has brought the patient more and more under his persuasive influences and set him on the road to health, he attempts to effect a cure.  Now which is the better way of proceeding in a physician and in a trainer?  Is he the better who accomplishes his ends in a double way, or he who works in one way, and that the ruder and inferior?

Cleinias:  I should say, Stranger, that the double way is far better.

Athenian:  Should you like to see an example of the double and single method in legislation?

Cleinias:  Certainly I should.

Athenian:  What will be our first law?  Will not the legislator, observing the order of nature, begin by making regulations for states about births?

Cleinias:  He will.

Athenian:  In all states the birth of children goes back to the connexion of marriage?

Cleinias:  Very true.

Athenian:  And, according to the true order, the laws relating to marriage should be those which are first determined in every state?

Cleinias:  Quite so.