Athenian:  Cities find colonization in some respects easier if the colonists are one race, which like a swarm of bees is sent out from a single country, either when friends leave friends, owing to some pressure of population or other similar necessity, or when a portion of a state is driven by factions to emigrate.  And there have been whole cities which have taken flight when utterly conquered by a superior power in war.  This, however, which is in one way an advantage to the colonist or legislator, in another point of view creates a difficulty.  There is an element of friendship in the community of race, and language, and laws, and in common temples and rites of worship; but colonies which are of this homogeneous sort are apt to kick against any laws or any form of constitution differing from that which they had at home; and although the badness of their own laws may have been the cause of the factions which prevailed among them, yet from the force of habit they would fain preserve the very customs which were their ruin, and the leader of the colony, who is their legislator, finds them troublesome and rebellious.  On the other hand, the conflux of several populations might be more disposed to listen to new laws; but then, to make them combine and pull together, as they say of horses, is a most difficult task, and the work of years.  And yet there is nothing which tends more to the improvement of mankind than legislation and colonization.

Cleinias:  No doubt; but I should like to know why you say so.

Athenian:  My good friend, I am afraid that the course of my speculations is leading me to say something depreciatory of legislators; but if the word be to the purpose, there can be no harm.  And yet, why am I disquieted, for I believe that the same principle applies equally to all human things?

Cleinias:  To what are you referring?

Athenian:  I was going to say that man never legislates, but accidents of all sorts, which legislate for us in all sorts of ways.  The violence of war and the hard necessity of poverty are constantly overturning governments and changing laws.  And the power of disease has often caused innovations in the state, when there have been pestilences, or when there has been a succession of bad seasons continuing during many years.  Any one who sees all this, naturally rushes to the conclusion of which I was speaking, that no mortal legislates in anything, but that in human affairs chance is almost everything.  And this may be said of the arts of the sailor, and the pilot, and the physician, and the general, and may seem to be well said; and yet there is another thing which may be said with equal truth of all of them.

Cleinias:  What is it?

Athenian:  That God governs all things, and that chance and opportunity co-operate with Him in the government of human affairs.  There is, however, a third and less extreme view, that art should be there also; for I should say that in a storm there must surely be a great advantage in having the aid of the pilot’s art.  You would agree?