[Sidenote:  Singers heard in New York.]

For seventy years the people of New York, scarcely less favored than those of London, have heard nearly all the great singers of Europe.  Let me talk about some of them, for I am trying to establish some ground on which my readers may stand when they try to form an estimate of the singing which they are privileged to hear in the opera houses of to-day.  Madame Malibran was a member of the first Italian company that ever sang here.  Madame Cinti-Damoreau came in 1844, Bosio in 1849, Jenny Lind in 1850, Sontag in 1853, Grisi in 1854, La Grange in 1855, Frezzolini in 1857, Piccolomini in 1858, Nilsson in 1870, Lucca in 1872, Titiens in 1876, Gerster in 1878, and Sembrich in 1883.  I omit the singers of the German opera as belonging to a different category.  Adelina Patti was always with us until she made her European debut in 1861, and remained abroad twenty years.  Of the men who were the artistic associates of these prime donne, mention may be made of Mario, Benedetti, Corsi, Salvi, Ronconi, Formes, Brignoli, Amadeo, Coletti, and Campanini, none of whom, excepting Mario, was of first-class importance compared with the women singers.

[Sidenote:  Grisi.]

[Sidenote:  Jenny Lind.]

[Sidenote:  Lilli Lehmann.]

Nearly all of these singers, even those still living and remembered by the younger generation of to-day, exploited their gifts in the operas of Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, the early Verdi, and Meyerbeer.  Grisi was acclaimed a great dramatic singer, and it is told of her that once in “Norma” she frightened the tenor who sang the part of Pollio by the fury of her acting.  But measured by the standards of to-day, say that set by Calve’s Carmen, it must have been a simple age that could be impressed by the tragic power of anyone acting the part of Bellini’s Druidical priestess.  The surmise is strengthened by the circumstance that Madame Grisi created a sensation in “Il Trovatore” by showing signs of agitation in the tower scene, walking about the stage during Manrico’s “Ah! che la morte ognora,” as if she would fain discover the part of the castle where her lover was imprisoned.  The chief charm of Jenny Lind in the memory of the older generation is the pathos with which she sang simple songs.  Mendelssohn esteemed her greatly as a woman and artist, but he is quoted as once remarking to Chorley:  “I cannot think why she always prefers to be in a bad theatre.”  Moscheles, recording his impressions of her in Meyerbeer’s “Camp of Silesia” (now “L’Etoile du Nord"), reached the climax of his praise in the words:  “Her song with the two concertante flutes is perhaps the most incredible feat in the way of bravura singing that can possibly be heard.”  She was credited, too, with fine powers as an actress; and that she possessed them can easily be believed, for few of the singers whom I have mentioned had so