[1] Ireland:  The population of Ireland at this time consisted mainly of descendants of the Celtic and other prehistoric races which inhabited Britain at the period of the Roman invasion.  When the Saxons conquered Britain, many of the natives, who were of the same stock and spoke essentially the same language as the Irish, fled to that country.  Later, the Danes formed settlements on the coast, especially in the vicinity of Dublin. 
   The conquest of England by the Normans was practically a victory
gained by one branch of the German race over another (Saxons, Normans, and Danes having originally sprung from the same Teutonic stock or from one closely akin to it, and the three soon mingled); but the partial conquest of Ireland by the Normans was a radically different thing.  They and the Irish had really nothing in common.  The latter refused to accept the feudal system, and continued to split up into savage tribes or clans under the rule of petty chiefs always at war with each other. 
   Thus for centuries after England had established a settled
government, Ireland remained, partly through the battles of the clans, and partly through the aggressions of a hostile race, in a state of anarchic confusion which prevented all true national growth. [2] W. E. H. Lecky’s “England in the XVIIIth Century,” II, 102.

160.  Henry II’s Charter and Reforms.

On his mother’s side Henry was a descendent of Alfred the Great (S51); for this reason he was hailed with enthusiasm by the native English.  He at once began a system of reforms worthy of his illustrious ancestor.  His first act was to issue a charter confirming the Charter of Liberties or pledges of good government which his grandfather, Henry I, had made (S135).  His next was to begin leveling to the ground the castles unlawfully built in Stephen’s reign, which had caused such widespread misery to the country[3] (S141).  He continued the work of demolition until it is said he destroyed no less than eleven hundred of these strongholds of oppression.

[3] Under William the Conqueror and his immediate successors no one was allowed to erect a castle without a royal license.  During Stephen’s time the great barons constantly violated this salutory regulation.

The King next turned his attention to the coinage.  During the civil war (S141) the barons had issued money debased in quality and deficient in weight.  Henry abolished this dishonest currency and issued silver pieces of full weight and value.

161.  War with France; Scutage (1160).

Having completed these reforms, the King turned his attention to his Continental possessions.  Through his wife, Henry claimed the county of Toulouse in southern France.  To enforce this claim he declared war.

Henry’s barons, however, refused to furnish troops to fight outside of England.  The King wisely compromised the matter by offering to accept from each knight a sum of money in lieu of service, called scutage, or shield money.[1] The proposal was agreed to (1160), and in this way the knights furnished the King the means to hire soldiers for foreign wars.