Seven hundred years ago the House of Lords was the only legislative and executive body in the country; now, nearly all the most important business of Parliament is done in the House of Commons (consisting of some six hundred and seventy members), and the Lords cannot vote a penny of money for any purpose whatever unless Commons first passes a bill to that effect (S281).  Thus taxation, which is generally regarded as the most important of all measures, has passedf from the Lords to the direct representatives of the people.

At one time certain impatient Radicals in the House of Commons denounced the Peers as “titled obstructionists.”  In fact, late in the nineteenth century (1894) a resolution to put an end to their obstructive power was carried in the Commons (when half the members were absent) by a majority of two.  But the vote was not taken seriously, and the Lords were not called upon to go out of business.  The upper House has continued, on occasion, to exercise its constitutional righ of vetoing bills sent up to it by the House of Commons, though since 1860 it has rejected but one “Money Bill” (1909), and that only temporarily (SS629, 631).[1] Since then the Liberal Party has demanded more strenuously than ever that the veto power of the Lords should be either greatly limited or abolished altogether (SS629, 632).

[1] As far back as 1671, the House of Commons resolved “that in all aids given to the King by the Commons, the rate or tax ought not to be altered by the Lords.”  In 1678 they emphatically repeated this resolution.  In 1860 when the Lords rejected a “Money Bill” (for the repeal of paper duties) the Commons vigorously protested, declaring that they regarded the exercise of that power by the upper House with “particular jealousy.”  From that time the Commons were careful to include all the financial measures of the year in one bill, which the Lords “were forced to accept or reject as a whole.”  See H.S.  Feilden’s “Short Constitutional History of England,” pp. 114-115, and A.L.  Lowell’s “The Government of England,” I, 400-401.

The House of Lords always includes a number of members eminent for their judicial ability, some of whom have been created Peers for that reason.  This section acts as the National Court of Appeal and sits to decide the highest questions of constitutional law.  In this respect it corresponds to the Supreme Court of the United States.

589.  The Queen’s Marriage (1840).

In her twenty-first year, Queen Victoria married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, a duchy of Central Germany.  The Prince was about her own age, of fine personal appearance, and had just graduated from one of the German universities.  He was particularly interested in art and education, and throughout his life used his influence to raise the standard of both.

590.  Sir Rowland Hill’s Postal Reforms, 1839.