[1] For the famous letter to the bishop of Ely attributed to Elizabeth, see Hallam’s “Constitutional History of England,” Froude, or Creighton; but the “Dictionary of National Biography” ("Elizabeth”) calls it a forgery.

The age in which Elizabeth reigned was preeminently one of craft and intrigue.  The Kings of that day endeavored to get by fraud what their less polished predecessors got by force.  At this game of double dealing Elizabeth had few equals and no superior.  So profound was her dissimulation that her most confidential advisers never felt quite sure that she was not deceiving them.  In her diplomatic relations she never hesitated at an untruth if it would serve her purpose, and when the falsehood was discovered, she always had another and more plausible one ready to take its place.  In all this her devotion to England stands out unquestioned and justifies the saying, “She lived and lied for her country.”

388.  Her Knowledge of Men; the Monopolies.

The Queen’s real ability lay in her instinctive perception of the needs of the age, and in her power of self-adjustment to them.  Elizabeth never made public opinion, but watched it and followed it.  She knew an able man at sight, and had the happy faculty of attaching such men to her service.  By nature she was both irresolute and impulsive; but her sense was good and her judgment clear.  She could tell when she was well advised, and although she fumed and blustered, she yielded.

It has been said that the next best thing to having a good rule is to know when to break it.  Elizabeth always knew when to change her policy.  No matter how obstinate she was, she saw the point where obstinacy became dangerous.  In order to enrich Raleigh and her numerous other favorites, she granted them the exclusive right to deal in certain articles.  These privileges were called “monopolies.”

They finally came to comprise almost everything that could be bought or sold, from French wines to secondhand shoes.  The effect was to raise prices so as to make even the common necessaries of life excessively dear.  A great outcry finally arose; Parliament requested the Queen to abolish the “monopolies”; she hesitated, but when she saw their determined attitude she gracefully granted the ptition (S433).

389.  The Adulation of the Court.

No English sovereign was so popular or so praised.  The great writers and the great men of that day vied with each other in their compliments to Elizabeth’s beauty, wisdom, and wit.  She lived in an atmosphere of splendor, of pleasure, and of adulation.  Her reign was full of pageants, progresses, or journeys made with great pomp and splendor, and feasts, like those which Scott describes in his delightful novel, “Kenilworth.”