“Our little systems have their day;
They have their day and cease to be: 
They are but broken lights of Thee,
And Thou, O Lord, art more than they."[1]

[1] Tennyson’s “In Memoriam.”

Henry, however, had no such worthy object as Wolsey had.  His pretext was that these institutions had sunk into a state of ingnorance, drunkenness, and profligacy.  This may have been true of some of the smaller monasteries, though not of the large ones.  But the vices of the monasteries the King had already made his own.  It was their wealth which he now coveted.  The smaller religious houses were speedily swept out of existence (1536).  This caused a furious insurrection in the North, called the “Pilgrimage of Grace” (1537); but the revolt was soon put down.

Though Parliament had readily given its sanction to the extinction of the smaller monasteries, it hesitated about abolishing the greater ones.  Henry, it is reported, sent for a leading member of the House o Commons, and, laying his hand on the head of the kneeling representative, said, “Get my bill passed by to-morrow, little man, or else to-morrow this head of yours will come off.”  The next day the bill passed, and the work of destruction began anew (1539).  Property worth millions of pounds was confiscated, and abbots like those of Glastonbury and Charter House, who dared to resist, were speedily hanged.[1]

[1] The total number of religious houses destroyed was 645 monasteries, 2374 chapels, 90 collegiate churches, and 110 charitable institutions.  Among the most famous of these ruins are Glastonbury, Kirkstal, Furness, Netley, Tintern, and Fountains abbeys.

The magnificent monastic buildings throughout England were now stripped of everything of value, and left as ruins. (See map opposite.) The beautiful windowes of stained glass were wantonly broken; the images of the saints were cast down from their niches; the chimes of bells were melted and cast into cannon; while the valuable libraries were torn up and sold to grocers and soap boilers for wrapping paper.

At Canterbury, Becket’s tomb (S170) was broken open, and after he had been nearly four centuries in his grave, the saint was summoned to answer a charge of rebellion and treason.  The case was tried at Westminster Abbey, the martyr’s bones were sentenceeed to be burned, and the jewels and rich offerings of his shrine were seized by the King.

Among the few monastic buildings which escaped was the beautiful abbey church, now the cathedral of Peterborough, where Catharine of Aragon (S345), who died soon after the King’s marriage with her rival, was buried.  Henry had the grace to give orders that on her account it should be spared, saying that he would leave to her memory “one of the goodliest monuments in Christendom.”

The great estates thus suddenly acquired by the Crown were granted to favorites or thrown away at the gambling table.  “It is from this date,” says Hallam, “that the leading families of England, both within and without the peerage, became conspicuous through having obtained possession of the monastery lands.”  These were estimated to comprise about one fourth of the whole area of the kingdom.