The Earl of Warwick (S296), henceforth popularly known as “King Maker,” now place Edward, eldest son of the late Duke of York, on the throne, with the title of Edward IV (S300, table).  Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland.  The new government summoned them to appear, and as they failed to answer, proclaimed them traitors.

Four years later Henry was taken prisoner and sent to the Tower of London (S305).  He may have been happier there than battling for his throne.  He was not born to reign, but rather, as Shakespeare makes him say, to lead a shepherd’s life, watching his flocks, until the peacefully flowing years should—­

“Bring white hairs unto a quiet grave."[1]

[1] See Henry’s soliloquy on the field of Towton, beginning,
                “O God! methinks it were a happy life
                   To be no better than a homely swain.” 
                        Shakespeare’s “Henry VI,” Part III,
                                Act II, scene v

304.  Summary.

The history of the peiod is one of loss to England.  The brilliant French conquests of Henry V (SS289, 290) slipped from the nerveless hands of his son, leaving France practically independent.  The people’s power to vote had been restricted (S297).  The House of Commons had ceased to be democratic even in a moderate degree.  Its members were all property holders elected by property holders (S297).  Cade’s rebellion was the sign of political discontent and the forerunner of civil war (S298).

The contests of the parties of the Red and White Roses drenched England’s fair fields with the best blood of her own sons.  The reign ends with King Henry in prison, Queen Margaret and Prince Edward fugitives, and the Yorkist, Edward IV, placed on the throne by the help of the powerful Earl of Warwick (S296).

Edward IV (House of York, White Rose)—­1461-1483

305.  Continuation of the War; Barnet; Death of Henry; Tewkesbury (1471).

During the whole of Edward IV’s reign (S303) the war went on with varying success, but unvarying ferocity, until at last neither side would ask or give quarter.  Some years after the accession of the new sovereign, the Earl of Warwick (S296) quarreled with him, thrust him from the throne, and restored Henry VI (S303).

But a few months later, at the battle of Barnet, near London (1471), Warwick, who was “the last of the great barons,” was killed, and Henry, who had been led back to the Tower of London again (S303), died one of those “conveniently sudden deaths” which were then so common.

The heroic Queen Margaret (SS295, 303), however, would not give up the contest in behalf of her son’s claim to the crown.  But fate was against her.  A few weeks after the battle of Barnet her army was utterly defeated at Tewkesbury (1471), her son Edward slain, and the Queen herself taken prisoner. (See map facing p. 172.)

She was eventually released on the payment of a large ransom, and returned to France, where she died broken-hearted in her native Anjou, prophesying that the contest would go on until the Red Rose, representing her party, should get a still deeper dye from the blood of her enemies.