which finds such frequent expression in his writings.  But it must be remembered that this “Zerrissenheit” does not always express itself as Weltschmerz.  In Heine it often appears simply as pugnacity; and where wit, satire, self-irony or even base calumny succeeds in covering up all traces of the poet’s pathos we are no longer justified on sentimental or sympathetic grounds in taking it for granted.  In looking for pathos in Heine’s verse we shall not have to look in vain, it is true, but we shall find much less than his popular reputation as a poet of Weltschmerz would lead us to expect; and we frequently gain the impression that his disposition and his personal experiences are after all largely the excuse for rather than the occasion of his Weltschmerz.

Pluemacher maintains:  “Der Weltschmerz ist entweder die absolute Passivitaet, und die Klage seine einzige Aeusserung, oder aber er verpufft seine Kraefte in rein subjectivistischen, eudaemonischen Anstrengungen,"[282]—­a characterization which certainly holds good in the case of Lenau and Hoelderlin respectively.  Hoelderlin, although in a visionary, idealistic way, remains, en in his Weltschmerz, altruistic and constructive.  Lenau is passive, while Heine is solely egoistic and destructive.

FOOTNOTES: 

[Footnote 181:  “Studien und Wandertage,” Frauenfeld, Huber, 1884.]

[Footnote 182:  Vol.  II, p. 265.]

[Footnote 183:  “Franzoesische Maler.  Gemaelde-Ausstellung in Paris, 1831.”  Heines Saemmtliche Werke, mit Einleitung von E. Elster.  Leipzig, Bibliogr.  Inst., 1890. (Hereafter quoted as “Werke.”) Vol.  IV, p. 61.]

[Footnote 184:  “Selina, oder ueber die Unsterblichkeit,” II, p. 132.]

[Footnote 185:  “Heinrich Heines Krankheit und Leidensgeschichte.”  Eine kritische Studie, von S. Rahmer, Dr. Med., Berlin, 1901.]

[Footnote 186:  “Das Liebesleben Hoelderlin’s, Lenaus, Heines.”  Berlin, 1901.]

[Footnote 187:  Rahmer, op. cit. p. 45.]

[Footnote 188:  Rahmer, p. 46.]

[Footnote 189:  Werke, Vol.  III, p. 194.]

[Footnote 190:  Karpeles ed.  Werke (2.  Aufl.) VIII, p. 441.]

[Footnote 191:  Ibid., p. 378.]

[Footnote 192:  Ibid., p. 520.]

[Footnote 193:  Karpeles ed.  Werke, IX, p. 371.]

[Footnote 194:  Ibid., p. 374.]

[Footnote 195:  Ibid., p. 459 ff.]

[Footnote 196:  Ibid., p. 513.]

[Footnote 197:  Ibid., p. 475.]

[Footnote 198:  Werke, Vol.  I, p. 72, Nos. 18 and 19.]

[Footnote 199:  Werke, Vol.  I, p. 123, No. 62.]

[Footnote 200:  Lenaus Werke, Vol.  I, p. 257 ff.]

[Footnote 201:  Werke, Vol.  I, p. 37.]

[Footnote 202:  Ibid., Vol.  II, p. 11.]

[Footnote 203:  Ibid., Vol.  I, p. 97.]

[Footnote 204:  Ibid., Vol.  I, p. 177.]