An extraordinary contrast to both these men was Gorky, with whom I had a brief interview in Petrograd.  He was in bed, apparently very ill and obviously heart-broken.  He begged me, in anything I might say about Russia, always to emphasize what Russia has suffered.  He supports the Government—­as I should do, if I were a Russian—­not because he thinks it faultless, but because the possible alternatives are worse.  One felt in him a love of the Russian people which makes their present martyrdom almost unbearable, and prevents the fanatical faith by which the pure Marxians are upheld.  I felt him the most lovable, and to me the most sympathetic, of all the Russians I saw.  I wished for more knowledge of his outlook, but he spoke with difficulty and was constantly interrupted by terrible fits of coughing, so that I could not stay.  All the intellectuals whom I met—­a class who have suffered terribly—­expressed their gratitude to him for what he has done on their behalf.  The materialistic conception of history is all very well, but some care for the higher things of civilization is a relief.  The Bolsheviks are sometimes said to have done great things for art, but I could not discover that they had done more than preserve something of what existed before.  When I questioned one of them on the subject, he grew impatient, and said:  “We haven’t time for a new art, any more than for a new religion.”  Unavoidably, although the Government favours art as much as it can, the atmosphere is one in which art cannot flourish, because art is anarchic and resistant to organization.  Gorky has done all that one man could to preserve the intellectual and artistic life of Russia.  I feared that he was dying, and that, perhaps, it was dying too.  But he recovered, and I hope it will recover also.

FOOTNOTES: 

[2] Electrification is desired not merely for reorganizing industry, but in order to industrialize agriculture.  In Theses presented to the Second Congress of the Communist International (an instructive little book, which I shall quote as Theses), it is said in an article on the Agrarian question that Socialism will not be secure till industry is reorganized on a new basis with “general application of electric energy in all branches of agriculture and rural economy,” which “alone can give to the towns the possibility of offering to backward rural districts a technical and social aid capable of determining an extraordinary increase of productivity of agricultural and rural labour, and of engaging the small cultivators, in their own interest, to pass progressively to a collectivist mechanical cultivation” (p. 36 of French edition).

[3] In Theses (p. 34) it is said:  “It would be an irreparable error ... not to admit the gratuitous grant of part of the expropriated lands to poor and even well-to-do peasants.”

IV