The actual condition of the canalisation of Egypt, while vastly improved by the viceroy, was still far from complete.  Canals, partial dams, and embankments were attempted; fifty thousand draw-wells carried the water up to a considerable height, but the system of irrigation was insufficient.

The railway from Cairo to Suez was an easier, though not less important, work.  The road crossed neither mountain, river, nor forest, while a series of little plains afforded a firm foundation, requiring very few earthworks.  Its two iron arms stretched out into the desert, and steam-engines could traverse the distance from the Nile to the Red Sea in three hours.

Suez would thus become a suburb of Cairo, and thus, being brought closer to Egypt, would regain her trade.  This enterprise, just as the former one, gave promise of bringing to Egypt the two sources of national wealth and prosperity:  agriculture and trade.

[Illustration:  179.jpg HARBOR OF THE BULAK]

The agricultural unity which Mehemet Ali constituted enabled him to bring about improvements which with private proprietorship would have been impossible.  The fellah, careless of to-morrow, did not sow for future reaping, and made no progress, but when Mehemet Ali undertook the control of agricultural labour in Egypt, the general aspect of the country changed, though, in truth, the individual condition of the fellah was not improved.  Besides the work of irrigation by means of canals, dykes, and banks, and the introduction of the cultivation of indigo, cotton, opium, and silk, the viceroy had also planted thousands of trees of various kinds, including 100,000 walnut-trees; he ordered the maimours, or prefects, to open up the roads between the villages, and to plant trees.  He wished the villages, towns, and hamlets to be ornamented, as in Europe, with large trees, under whose shelter the tired traveller could rest.

In the various districts were vast tracts of land which for a long time the plough had not touched.  Concessions of these lands were made to Franks, Turks, Greeks, and Armenians, which concessions were free, and for a term of seven or eight years, while the guarantees were exempt from taxes.

During the closing years of his life, between 1841 and 1849, Mehemet occupied himself with improvements in Egypt.  He continued to prosecute his commercial speculations, and manufacturing, educational, and other schemes.  The barrage of the Nile, which has only been finished during the British occupation, was begun under his direction.  In 1847 he visited Constantinople, and was received with the rank of a vizier.  In the year 1848 symptoms of imbecility appeared, and his son Ibrahim was declared his successor.  After a reign of only two months he died.  Mehemet Ali’s death occurred on the 3rd of August, 1849.  His direct successor was his grandson, Abbas Pasha, who held the sceptre of Egypt as the direct heir of Ibrahim Pasha.  This prince took but little interest in