forming at Acre, at Damascus, and in the principal towns.  Djezzar, the celebrated pasha of Acre, was appointed seraskier of the army collected in Syria.  Abd Allah Pasha of Damascus commanded its advanced-guard, and had proceeded as far as the fort of El Arish, which is the key to Egypt on the side next to Syria.  Bonaparte resolved to act immediately.  He was in communication with the tribes of the Lebanon.  The Druses, Christian tribes, the Mutualis, and schismatic Muhammedans offered him assistance, and ardently wished for his coming.  By a sudden assault on Jaffa, Acre, and some other badly fortified places, he might in a short time gain possession of Syria, add this fine conquest to that of Egypt, make himself master of the Euphrates, as he was of the Nile, and thus command all the communications with India.

[Illustration:  112.jpg A Fountain at Cairo]

Bonaparte commenced his march very early in February at the head of Kleber’s, Regnier’s, Lannes’s, Bon’s, and Murat’s divisions, about thirteen thousand strong.  He arrived before the fort El Arish on February 15th, and, after a slight resistance, the garrison surrendered themselves prisoners, to the number of thirteen hundred men.  Ibrahim Bey, having attempted to relieve it, was put to flight, and, after a severe march across the desert, they reached Gaza.  They took that place in the sight of Djezzar Pasha, and found there, as in the fort of El Arish, a great quantity of ammunition and provisions.  From Gaza the army proceeded to Jaffa (the ancient Joppa), where it arrived on March 3rd.  This place was surrounded by a massive wall, flanked by towers, and it contained a garrison of four thousand men.  Bonaparte caused a breach to be battered in the wall, and then summoned the commandant, who only answered by cutting off the head of the messenger.  The assault was made, and the place stormed with extraordinary intrepidity, and given up for thirty hours to pillage and massacre.  Here, too, was found a considerable quantity of artillery and supplies of all kinds.  There were some thousands of prisoners, whom the general could not despatch to Egypt, because he had not the ordinary means for escorting them, and he would not send them back to the enemy to swell their ranks.  Bonaparte decided on a terrible measure, the most cruel act of his life.  Transported into a barbarous country, he had adopted its manners, and he ordered all the prisoners to be put to death.  The army consummated with obedience, but with a sort of horror, the execution that was commanded.

Bonaparte then advanced upon St. Jean d’Acre, the ancient Ptolemais, situated at the foot of Mount Carmel.  It was the only place that could now stop him.  If he could make himself master of this fortress, Syria would be his.  But the ferocious Djezzar had shut himself up there, with all his wealth and a strong garrison, and he also reckoned upon support from Sir Sidney Smith, then cruising off that coast,