far as Suez.  In one or two places the bed of the old canal was cleared out and made to serve the new canal.  The level of the fresh-water canal is about twenty feet above that of the Suez Canal, which it joins at Ismailia by means of two locks.  The difference of level between it and the Red Sea is remedied by four locks constructed between Nefeesh and its terminus at Suez.  Its average depth of water at high Nile is six feet, and at low Nile three feet.

A canal from Bulak, near Cairo, passing by Heliopolis and Belbeys, and joining the Wady Canal a few miles east of Zagazig, restores the line of water communication between the Nile and the Red Sea as it existed perhaps in the time of Trajan, and certainly as it was in the time of the Caliph Omar.  The improvement of this canal as a means of transit is local and external only.

Napoleon Bonaparte was the first in modern times to take up the subject of a water connection between the two seas.  In 1798 he examined the traces of the old canal of Necho and his successors, and ordered Monsieur Lepere to survey the isthmus and prepare a project for uniting the two seas by a direct canal.  The result of this French engineer’s labours was to discover a supposed difference of thirty feet between the Red Sea at high tide and the Mediterranean at low tide.  As this inequality of level seemed to preclude the idea of a direct maritime canal, a compromise was recommended.

Owing to the exertions of Lieutenant Waghorn, the route through Egypt for the transmission of the mails between England and India was determined upon in 1839.  The Peninsular and Oriental Company established a service of steamers between England and Alexandria, and between Suez and India.  In spite of this endeavour nothing was actually accomplished with regard to a canal until 1846, when a mixed commission was appointed to enquire into the subject.  This commission entirely exploded the error into which Lepere had fallen in reporting a difference of level between the two seas.

A plan was projected in 1855 by M. Linant Bey and M. Mougel Bey, under the superintendence of M. de Les-seps, who had already received a firman of concession from Said Pasha.  This plan recommended a direct canal between Suez and Pelusium, which should pass through the Bitter Lakes, Lake Tinseh, Ballah, and Menzaleh, and connecting with the sea at each end by means of a lock.  A fresh-water canal from Bulak to the centre of the isthmus and thence through Suez, with a conduit for conveying water to Pelusium, was also proposed.  This project was in 1856 submitted to an international commission company composed of representatives from England, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, Prussia, and Spain, and the following modification was suggested:  that the line of the canal to the north should be slightly altered and brought to a point seventeen and a half miles west of Pelusium, this change being determined upon from the fact that