PUBLISHERS, LONDON

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[Illustration:  Frontispiece] collection of vases, modelled and painted in the grand temple philae island.

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MODERN EGYPT

EGYPT DURING THE CRUSADES—­RISE OF THE OTTOMAN POWER—­NAPOLEON IN EGYPT—­THE RULE OP THE KHEDIVES—­DISCOVERING THE SOURCE OF THE NILE—­ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY.

Spread of Muhammedanism—­Spirit of the Crusades—­The Fati-mite Caliphs—­Saladin’s brilliant reign—­Capture of Damietta—­Conquests of Beybars—­Mamluks in power—­Wars with Cyprus—­Turkish misrule—­Napoleon invades Egypt—­Battle of the Pyramids—­Policy of conciliation—­Nelson destroys the French fleet—­Napoleon in Syria—­Battle at Mount Carmel—­Napoleon returns to France—­Negotiations for surrender—­Kleber assassinated—­French army surrenders—­Rise of Mehemet Ali-Massacre of the Mamluks—­Egyptian army reorganized—­Ibrahim Pasha in Greece—­Battle of Navarino-Revolt against Turkey-Character of Mehemet Ali—­Reforms under his Rule—­Ismail Pasha made Khedive—­Financial difficulties of Egypt—­England and France assume control—­Tewfik Pasha becomes Khedive—­Revolt of Arabi Pasha—­The Mahdist insurrection—­Death of General Gordon—­Kitchener’s campaign against the Dervishes—­Prosperity of Egypt under English control—­Abbas Pasha becomes Khedive—­Education, courts, and government of modern Egypt—­The Nile; its valley, branches, and delta—­Ancient irrigation systems—­The Suez Canal, its inception and completion—­The great dam at Aswan—­Ancient search for the sources of the Nile—­Modern discoveries in Central Africa—­The Hieroglyphs—­Origin of the alphabet—­Egyptian literature—­Mariettas discoveries—­The German Egyptologists—­Jeremiah verified—­Maspero, Naville, and Petrie—­Palaeolithic man—­Egyptian record of Israel—­Egypt Exploration Fund—­The royal tombs at Abydos—­Chronology of the early kings—­Steles, pottery, and jewelry-The temples of Abydos—­Seals, statuettes, and ceramics.

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CHAPTER I—­THE CRUSADERS IN EGYPT

The Ideal of the Crusader:  Saladin’s Campaign:  Richard I. in Palestine:  Siege of Damietta:  St. Louis in Egypt:  The Mamluks:  Beybars’ Policy.