arts of peace alone, and to heal the wounds inflicted on themselves; for the rest, he contented himself with granting to the Jews settled in Alexandria the same rights which the Greek population of the city enjoyed, and with placing in Alexandria instead of the previous Roman army of occupation—­which nominally at least obeyed the kings of Egypt, a Roman garrison—­two of the legions besieged there, and a third which afterwards arrived from Syria—­under a commander nominated by himself.  For this position of trust a man was purposely selected whose birth made it impossible for him to abuse it—­Rufio, an able soldier, but the son of a freed man.  Cleopatra and her younger brother Ptolemy obtained the sovereignty of Egypt under the supremacy of Rome; the Princess Arsinoe was carried off to Italy, that she might not serve once more as a pretext for insurrections to the Egyptians, who were after the Oriental fashion quite as much devoted to their dynasty as they were indifferent towards the individual dynasts; and Cyprus became again a part of the Roman province of Cilicia.  Caesar’s love for Cleopatra, who had just borne him a son named Caesarion, was not so strong as his ambition; and after having been above a year in Egypt he left her to govern the kingdom in her own name, but on his behalf; and sailed for Italy, taking with him the sixth legion.  While engaged in this warfare in Alexandria, Caesar had been appointed dictator in Rome, where his power was exercised by Mark Antony, his master of the horse; and for above six months he had not written one letter home, as though ashamed to write about the foolish difficulty he had entangled himself in, until he had got out of it.

On reaching Rome Caesar amused the people and himself with a grand triumphal show, in which, among the other prisoners of war, the Princess Arsinoe followed his car in chains; and, among the works of art and nature which were got together to prove to the gazing crowd the greatness of his conquests, was that remarkable African animal the camelopard, then for the first time seen in Rome.  In one chariot was a statue of the Nile god; and in another the Pharos lighthouse on fire, with painted flames.  Nor was this the last of Caesar’s triumphs, for soon afterwards Cleopatra, and her brother Ptolemy, then twelve years old, who was called her husband, came to Rome as his guests, and dwelt for some time with him in his house.

The history of Egypt, at this time, is almost lost in that of Rome.  Within five years of Caesar’s landing in Alexandria, and finding that by the death of Pompey he was master of the world, he paid his own life as the forfeit for crushing his country’s liberty.  The Queen of Egypt, with her infant son Caesarion about four years old, was then in Rome, living with Caesar in his villa on the farther side of the Tiber.  On Caesar’s death her first wish was to get the child acknowledged by the Roman senate as her colleague on the throne of Egypt, and