Matters took longer to come to a crisis than he had expected.  The retreat of Agesilaus had not pacified the AEgean satrapies; after the disturbance created by Cyrus the Younger, the greater number of the native tribes—­Mysians, Pisidians, people of Pontus and Paphlagonia—­had shaken off the Persian yoke, and it was a matter of no small difficulty to reduce them once more to subjection.  Their incessant turbulence gave Egypt time to breathe and to organise new combinations.  Cyprus entered readily into her designs.  Since the subjugation of that island in 445 B.C., the Greek cities had suffered terrible oppression at the hands of the great king.  Artaxerxes I., despairing of reducing them to obedience, depended exclusively for support on the Phoenician inhabitants of the island, who, through his favour, regained so much vigour that in the space of less than two generations they had recovered most of the ground lost during the preceding centuries:  Semitic rulers replaced the Achaean tyrants at Salamis, and in most of the other cities, and Citium became what it had been before the rise of Salamis, the principal commercial centre in the island.  Evagoras, a descendant of the ancient kings, endeavoured to retrieve the Grecian cause:  after driving out of Salamis Abdemon, its Tyrian ruler, he took possession of all the other towns except Citium and Amathus.  This is not the place to recount the brilliant part played by Evagoras, in conjunction with Conon, during the campaigns against the Spartans in the Peloponnesian war.  The activity he then displayed and the ambitious designs he revealed soon drew upon him the dislike of the Persian governors and their sovereign; and from 391 B.C. he was at open war with Persia.  He would have been unable, single-handed, to maintain the struggle for any length of time, but Egypt and Greece were at his back, ready to support him with money or arms.  Hakoris had succeeded Nephorites I. in 393 B.C.,* and had repulsed an attack of Artaxerxes between 390 and 386.**

* The length of the reign of Nephorites I. is fixed at six years by the lists of Manetho; the last-known date of his reign is that of his fourth year, on a mummy-bandage preserved in the Louvre.

** This war is alluded to by several ancient authors in passages which have been brought together and explained by Judeah; but unfortunately the detailed history of the events is not known.

He was not unduly exalted by his success, and had immediately taken wise precautions in view of a second invasion.  After safeguarding his western frontier by concluding a treaty with the Libyans of Barca, he entered into an alliance with Evagoras and the Athenians.

[Illustration:  287.jpg HAKORIS]

     Drawn by Faucher-Gudin, from Lepsius.