* Eth-baal ii., who, according to the testimony of the native historians, belonged to the royal family of Tyre, is called King of the Sidonians in the Bible (1 Kings xvi. 31), and the Assyrian texts similarly call Elulai King of the Sidonians, while Menander mentions him as King of Tyre.  It is probable that the King of Sidon, mentioned in the Annals of Shal-maneser iii. side by side with the King of Tyre, was a vassal of the Tyrian monarch.

** The two facts are preserved in a passage of Menander.  I admit the identity of the Auza mentioned in this fragment with the Auzea of Tacitus, and with the Colonia Septimia Aur.  Auziensium of the Roman inscriptions the present Aumale.

In 876 B.C.  Assur-nazir-pal had crossed the Lebanon and skirted the shores of the Mediterranean:  Eth-baal, naturally compliant, had loaded him with gifts, and by this opportune submission had preserved his cities and country from the horrors of invasion.*

* The King of Tyre who sent gifts to Assur-nazir-pal is not named in the Assyrian documents:  our knowledge of Tyrian chronology permits us with all probability to identify him with Eth-baal.

Twenty years later Shalmaneser iii. had returned to Syria, and had come into conflict with Damascus.  The northern Phoenicians formed a league with Ben-hadad (Adadidri) to withstand him, and drew upon themselves the penalty of their rashness; the Tynans, faithful to their usual policy, preferred to submit voluntarily and purchase peace.  Their conduct showed the greater wisdom in that, after the death of Eth-baal, internal troubles again broke out with renewed fierceness and with even more disastrous results.  His immediate successor was Balezor (854-846 B.C.), followed by Mutton I. (845-821 B.C.), who flung himself at the feet of Shalmaneser iii., in 842 B.c., in the camp at Baalirasi, and renewed his homage three years later, in 839 B.C.  The legends concerning the foundation of Carthage blend with our slight knowledge of his history.  They attribute to Mutton I. a daughter named Elissa, who was married to her uncle Sicharbal, high priest of Melkarth, and a young son named Pygmalion (820-774 B.c.).  Sicharbal had been nominated by Mutton as regent during the minority of Pygmalion, but he was overthrown by the people, and some years later murdered by his ward.  From that time forward Elissa’s one aim was to avenge the murder of her husband.  She formed a conspiracy which was joined by all the nobles, but being betrayed and threatened with death, she seized a fleet which lay ready to sail in the harbour, and embarking with all her adherents set sail for Africa, landing in the district of Zeugitane, where the Sidonians had already built Kambe.  There she purchased a tract of land from larbas, chief of the Liby-phoenicians, and built on the ruins of the ancient factory a new town, Qart-hadshat, which the Greeks called Carchedo