^ Haug proposed to identify this last station with the regions situated on the shores of the Caspian, near the south-western corner of that sea.  But, as Garrez points out, the Pehlevi commentators prove that it must be the countries on the Upper Tigris.

^^ Spiegel has argued that Aryanem-Vaojo is probably Arran, the modern Kazabadagh, the mountainous district between the Kur and the Aras, and his opinion is now gaining acceptance.  The settlement of the Iranians in Russia, and their entrance into Asia by way of the Caucasus, have been admitted by Rost.  Classical writers reversed this order of things, and derived the Sauromato and other Scythian tribes from Media.

It is possible that some of their hordes may have endeavoured to wedge themselves in between the Halys and the Euphrates as far as the centre of Asia Minor.  Their presence in this quarter would explain why we encounter Iranian personal names in the Sargonide epoch on the two spurs of Mount Taurus, such as that of the Kushtashpi, King of Kummukh, in the time of Tiglath-pileser III., and of the Kundashpi mentioned in the Annals of Shalmaneser III. in the ninth century B.C.*

* The name Kushtashpi has been compared with that of Vistaspa or Gushtasp by Fr. Lenormant, the name Kundashpi with that of Vindaspa by Gutschmid, and, later on, Ball has added to these a long list of names in Egyptian and Assyrian inscriptions which he looks upon as Iranian.  Kundashpi recalls at first sight Gundobunas, a name of the Sassanid epoch, if this latter form be authentic.  Tiele adopts the identification of Kushtashpi with Vistaspa, and Justi has nothing to say against it, nor against the identification of Kundashpi with Vindaspa.

The main body, finding its expansion southwards checked by Urartu, diverged in a south-easterly direction, and sweeping before it all the non-Aryan or Turanian tribes who were too weak to stem its progress, gradually occupied the western edge of the great plateau, where it soon became mainly represented by the two compact groups, the Persians to the south on the farthest confines of Elam, and the Medes between the Greater Zab, the Turnat, and the Caspian.  It is probable that the kingdom founded by Deiokes originally included what was afterwards termed Media Magna by the Graeco-Roman geographers.  This sovereignty was formed by the amalgamation under a single monarch of six important tribes—­the Buzo, Paraatakeni, Struchatas, Arizanti, Budii, and Magi.  It extended north-westwards as far as the Kiziluzon, which formed the frontier between the Persians and the Mannai on this side.  Northwards, it reached as far as Demavend; the salt desert that rendered Central Iran a barren region, furnished a natural boundary on the east; on both the south and west, the Assyrian border-lands of Ellipi, Kharkhar, and Arrapkha prevented it from extending to the chief ranges of the Zagros and Cordioan