place called “Kamsisu-Khasfi-Timihu” ("Ramses repulses the Timihu"), but their attack was broken by the latter, who were ably led and displayed considerable valour.  “They bleated like goats surprised by a bull who stamps its foot, who pushes forward its horn and shakes the mountains, charging whoever seeks to annoy it.”  They fled afar, howling with fear, and many of them, in endeavouring to escape their pursuers, perished in the canals.  “It is,” said they, “the breaking of our spines which threatens us in the land of Egypt, and its lord destroys our souls for ever and ever.  Woe be upon them! for they have seen their dances changed into carnage, Sokhit is behind them, fear weighs upon them.  We march no longer upon roads where we can walk, but we run across fields, all the fields!  And their soldiers did not even need to measure arms with us in the struggle!  Pharaoh alone was our destruction, a fire against us every time that he willed it, and no sooner did we approach than the flame curled round us, and no water could quench it on us.”  The victory was a brilliant one; the victors counted 12,535 of the enemy killed,* and many more who surrendered at discretion.  The latter were formed into a brigade, and were distributed throughout the valley of the Nile in military settlements.  They submitted to their fate with that resignation which we know to have been a characteristic of the vanquished at that date.

     * The number of the dead is calculated from that of the
     hands and phalli brought in by the soldiers after the
     victory, the heaps of which are represented at Medinet-Habu.

They regarded their defeat as a judgment from God against which there was no appeal; when their fate had been once pronounced, nothing remained to the condemned except to submit to it humbly, and to accommodate themselves to the master to whom they were now bound by a decree from on high.  The prisoners of one day became on the next the devoted soldiers of the prince against whom they had formerly fought resolutely, and they were employed against their own tribes, their employers having no fear of their deserting to the other side during the engagement.  They were lodged in the barracks at Thebes, or in the provinces under the feudal lords and governors of the Pharaoh, and were encouraged to retain their savage customs and warlike spirit.  They intermarried either with the fellahin or with women of their own tribes, and were reinforced at intervals by fresh prisoners or volunteers.  Drafted principally into the Delta and the cities of Middle Egypt, they thus ended by constituting a semi-foreign population, destined by nature and training to the calling of arms, and forming a sort of warrior caste, differing widely from the militia of former times, and known for many generations by their national name of Mashauasha.  As early as the XIIth dynasty, the Pharaohs had, in a similar way, imported the Mazaiu from Nubia, and had used them as a military police; Ramses III. now resolved