and northward, beyond the mountains into that region, known afterwards as Asia Minor, in which Egyptian tradition had from ancient times confused some twenty nations under the common vague epithet of Haui-nibu.  Official language still employed it as a convenient and comprehensive term, but the voyages of the Phoenicians and the travels of the “Royal Messengers,” as well as, probably, the maritime commerce of the merchants of the Delta, had taught the scribes for more than a century and a half to make distinctions among these nations which they had previously summed up in one.  The Lufeu* were to be found there, as well as the Danauna,** the Shardana,*** and others besides, who lay behind one another on the coast.  Of the second line of populations behind the region of the coast tribes, we have up to the present no means of knowing anything with certainty.  Asia Minor, furthermore, is divided into two regions, so distinctly separated by nature as well as by races that one would be almost inclined to regard them as two countries foreign to each other.

* The Luku, Luka, are mentioned in the Amarna correspondence under the form Lukki as pirates and highway robbers.  The identity of these people with the Lycians I hold as well established.

** The Danauna are mentioned along with the Luku in the Amarna correspondence.  The termination, _-auna, -ana_ of this word appears to be the ending in -aon found in Asiatic names like Lykaon by the side of Lykos, Kataon by the side of Ketis and Kat-patuka; while the form of the name Danaos is preserved in Greek legend, Danaon is found only on Oriental monuments.  The Danauna came “from their islands,” that is to say, from the coasts of Asia Minor, or from Greece, the term not being pressed too literally, as the Egyptians were inclined to call all distant lands situated to the north beyond the Mediterranean Sea “islands.”

*** E. de Rouge and Chabas were inclined to identify the Shardana with the Sardes and the island of Sardinia.  Unger made them out to be the Khartanoi of Libya, and was followed by Brugsch.  W. Max Mueller revived the hypotheses of De Rouge and Chabas, and saw in them bands from the Italian island.  I am still persuaded, as I was twenty-five years ago, that they were Asiatics—­the Maeonian tribe which gave its name to Sardis.  The Serdani or Shardana are mentioned as serving in the Egyptian Army in the Tel el-Amarna tablets.

In its centre it consists of a well-defined undulating plain, having a gentle slope towards the Black Sea, and of the shape of a kind of convex trapezium, clearly bounded towards the north by the highlands of Pontus, and on the south by the tortuous chain of the Taurus.  A line of low hills fringes the country on the west, from the Olympus of Mysia to the Taurus of Pisidia.  Towards the east it is bounded by broken chains of mountains of unequal height, to which the name Anti-Taurus is not very appropriately applied.  An immense