paralysed by their reverses, he had, for the moment, little to fear:  restricting himself, therefore, to establishing forts at the strategic points in the Nile valley in order to keep the Thebans in check, he led the main body of his troops to the frontier on the isthmus.  Pacific immigrations had already introduced Asiatic settlers into the Delta, and thus prepared the way for securing the supremacy of the new rulers; in the midst of these strangers, and on the ruins of the ancient town of Hawarit-Avaris, in the Sethro’ifce nome—­a place connected by tradition with the myth of Osiris and Typhon—­Salatis constructed an immense entrenched camp, capable of sheltering two hundred and forty thousand men.  He visited it yearly to witness the military manoeuvres, to pay his soldiers, and to preside over the distribution of rations.  This permanent garrison protected him from a Chaldaean invasion, a not unlikely event as long as Syria remained under the supremacy of the Babylonian kings; it furnished his successors also with an inexhaustible supply of trained soldiers, thus enabling them to complete the conquest of Lower Egypt.  Years elapsed before the princes of the south would declare themselves vanquished, and five kings—­Anon, Apachnas, Apophis I., Iannas, and Asses—­passed their lifetime “in a perpetual warfare, desirous of tearing up Egypt to the very root.”  These Theban kings, who were continually under arms against the barbarians, were subsequently classed in a dynasty by themselves, the XVth of Manetho, but they at last succumbed to the invader, and Asses became master of the entire country.  His successors in their turn formed a dynasty, the XVIth, the few remaining monuments of which are found scattered over the length and breadth of the valley from the shores of the Mediterranean to the rocks of the first cataract.

The Egyptians who witnessed the advent of this Asiatic people called them by the general term Amuu, Asiatics, or Monatiu, the men of the desert.* They had already given the Bedouin the opprobrious epithet of Shausu—­pillagers or robbers—­which aptly described them;** and they subsequently applied the same name to the intruders—­Hiq Shausu—­from which the Greeks derived their word Hyksos, or Hykoussos, for this people.***

* The meaning of the term Moniti was discovered by E. de Rouge, who translated it Shepherd, and applied it to the Hyksos; from thence it passed into the works of all the Egyptologists who concerned themselves with this question, but Shepherd has not been universally accepted as the meaning of the word.  It is generally agreed that it was a generic term, indicating the races with which their conquerors were supposed to be connected, and not the particular term of which Manetho’s word Hoiveves would be the literal translation.

** The name seems, in fact, to be derived from a word which meant “to rob,” “to pillage.”  The name Shausu, Shosu,