the vanquished.  Two perils, however, immediately threatened the security of his triumph:  in the south the Theban lords, taking matters into their own hands after the downfall of the Xoites, refused the oath of allegiance to Salatis, and organized an obstinate resistance;*** in the north he had to take measures to protect himself against an attack of the Chaldaeans or of the Elamites who were oppressing Chaldaea.****

* The horse was unknown, or at any rate had not been employed in.  Egypt prior to the invasion; we find it, however, in general use immediately after the expulsion of the Shepherds, see the tomb of Pihiri.  Moreover, all historians agree in admitting that it was introduced into the country under the rule of the Shepherds.  The use of the war-chariot in Chaldaea at an epoch prior to the Hyksos invasion, is proved by a fragment of the Vulture Stele; it is therefore, natural to suppose that the Hyksos used the chariot in war, and that the rapidity of their conquest was due to it.

** The name Salatis (var.  Saitos) seems to be derived from a Semitic word, Siialit = “the chief,” “the governor;” this was the title which Joseph received when Pharaoh gave him authority over the whole of Egypt (Gen. xli. 43).  Salatis may not, therefore, have been the real name of the first Hyksos king, but his title, which the Egyptians misunderstood, and from which they evolved a proper name:  Uhlemann has, indeed, deduced from this that Manetho, being familiar with the passage referring to Joseph, had forged the name of Salatis.  Ebers imagined that he could decipher the Egyptian form of this prince’s name on the Colossus of Tell-Mokdam, where Naville has since read with certainty the name of a Pharaoh of the XIIIth and XIVth dynasties, Nahsiri.

*** The text of Manetho speaks of taxes which he imposed on the high and low lands, which would seem to include the Thebaid in the kingdom; it is, however, stated in the next few pages that the successors of Salatis waged an incessant war against the Egyptians, which can only refer to hostilities against the Thebans.  We are forced, therefore, to admit, either that Manetho took the title of lord of the high and low lands which belonged to Salatis, literally, or that the Thebans, after submitting at first, subsequently refused to pay tribute, thus provoking a war.

**** Manetho here speaks of Assyrians; this is an error which is to be explained by the imperfect state of historical knowledge in Greece at the time of the Macedonian supremacy.  We need not for this reason be led to cast doubt upon the historic value of the narrative:  we must remember the suzerainty which the kings of Babylon exercised over Syria, and read Chaldaeans where Manetho has written Assyrians.  In Herodotus “Assyria” is the regular term for “Babylonia,” and Babylonia is called “the land of the Assyrians.”

From the natives of the Delta, who were temporarily