to him, and thought only of obtaining the greatest profit from the vassalage to which they were condemned.  The obligation to pay tribute did not appear to them so much in the light of a burthen or a sacrifice, as a means of purchasing the right to go to and fro freely in Egypt, or in the countries subject to its influence.  The commerce acquired by these privileges recouped them more than a hundredfold for all that their overlord demanded from them.  The other cities of the coast—­Sidon, Berytus, Byblos—­usually followed the example of Tyre, whether from mercenary motives, or from their naturally pacific disposition, or from a sense of their impotence; and the same intelligent resignation with which, as we know, they accepted the supremacy of the great Egyptian empire, was doubtless displayed in earlier centuries in their submission to the Babylonians.  Their records show that they did not accept this state of things merely through cowardice or indolence, for they are represented as ready to rebel and shake off the yoke of their foreign master when they found it incompatible with their practical interests.  But their resort to war was exceptional; they generally preferred to submit to the powers that be, and to accept from them as if on lease the strip of coast-line at the base of the Lebanon, which served as a site for their warehouses and dockyards.  Thus they did not find the yoke of the stranger irksome—­the sea opening up to them a realm of freedom and independence which compensated them for the limitations of both territory and liberty imposed upon them at home.

The epoch which was marked by their first venture on the Mediterranean, and the motives which led to it, were alike unknown to them.  The gods had taught them navigation, and from the beginning of things they had taken to the sea as fishermen, or as explorers in search of new lands.* They were not driven by poverty to leave their continental abode, or inspired thereby with a zeal for distant cruises.  They had at home sufficient corn and wine, oil and fruits, to meet all their needs, and even to administer to a life of luxury.  And if they lacked cattle, the abundance of fish within their reach compensated for the absence of flesh-meat.

* According to one of the cosmogonies of Sanchoniathon, Khusor, who has been identified with Hephsestos, was the inventor of the fishing-boat, and was the first among men and gods who taught navigation.  According to another legend, Melkarth showed the Tyrians how to make a raft from the branches of a fig tree, while the construction of the first ships is elsewhere ascribed to the Cabiri.

Nor was it the number of commodiously situated ports on their coast which induced them to become a seafaring people, for their harbours were badly protected for the most part, and offered no shelter when the wind set in from the north, the rugged shore presenting little resource against the wind and waves in its