[Illustration:  117.jpg AN ASSYRIAN KELEK LADEN WITH BUILDING-STONE.]

     Drawn by Faucher-Gudin, from a bas-relief from “Kouyunjik”
     (Layard, The Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd series, pi. 13; cf. 
     Place, Ninive et l’Assyrie, pl. 43, No. 1.)

Uru, enriched by its commerce, was soon in a position to subjugate the petty neighbouring states—­Uruk, Larsam, Lagash, and Nipur.  Its territory formed a fairly extended sovereignty, whose lords entitled themselves kings of Shumir and Akkad, and ruled over all Southern Chaldaea for many centuries.

Several of these kings, the Lugalkigubnidudu and the Lugalkisalsi, of whom some monuments have been preserved to us, seem to have extended their influence beyond these limits prior to the time of Sargon the Elder; and we can date the earliest of them with tolerable probability.  Urbau reigned some time about 2900 B.C.  He was an energetic builder, and material traces of his activity are to be found everywhere throughout the country.  The temple of the Sun at Larsam, the temple of Nina in Uruk, and the temples of Inlilla and Ninlilla in Nipur were indebted to him for their origin or restoration:  he decorated or repaired all structures which were not of his own erection:  in Uru itself the sanctuary of the moon-god owes its foundation to him, and the fortifications of the city were his work.  Dungi, his son, was an indefatigable bricklayer, like his father:  he completed the sanctuary of the moon-god, and constructed buildings in Uruk, Lagash, and Kutha.  There is no indication in the inscriptions of his having been engaged in any civil struggle or in war with a foreign nation; we should make a serious mistake, however, if we concluded from this silence that peace was not disturbed in his time.  The tie which bound together the petty states of which Uru was composed was of the slightest.  The sovereign could barely claim as his own more than the capital and the district surrounding it; the other cities recognized his authority, paid him tribute, did homage to him in religious matters, and doubtless rendered him military service also, but each one of them nevertheless maintained its particular constitution and obeyed its hereditary lords.  These lords, it is true, lost their title of king, which now belonged exclusively to their suzerain, and each one had to be content in his district with the simple designation of “vicegerent;” but having once fulfilled their feudal obligations, they had absolute power over their ancient domains, and were able to transmit to their progeny the inheritance they had received from their fathers.  Gudea probably, and most certainly his successors, ruled in this way over Lagash, as a fief depending on the crown of Uru.  After the manner of the Egyptian barons, the vassals of the kings of Chaldaea submitted to the control of their suzerain without resenting his authority as long as they felt the curbing influence of a strong hand: