Within these walls domestic life was entirely secluded, and as it were confined to its own resources; the pleasure of watching passers-by was sacrificed to the advantage of not being seen from outside.  The entrance alone denoted at times the importance of the great man who concealed himself within the enclosure.  Two or three steps led up to the door, which sometimes had a columned portico, ornamented with statues, lending an air of importance to the building.  The houses of the citizens were small, and built of brick; they contained, however, some half-dozen rooms, either vaulted, or having flat roofs, and communicating with each other usually by arched doorways.

[Illustration:  107.jpg A HALL WITH COLUMNS IN ONE OF THE XIIth DYNASTY HOUSES AT GUROB]

     Drawn by Faucher-Gudin, from a sketch by Professor Petrie,
     Elahun, Kahun and Gurob, pl. xvi. 3.

A few houses boasted of two or three stories; all possessed a terrace, on which the Egyptians of old, like those of to-day, passed most of their time, attending to household cares or gossiping with their neighbours over the party wall or across the street.  The hearth was hollowed out in the ground, usually against a wall, and the smoke escaped through a hole in the ceiling:  they made their fires of sticks, wood charcoal, and the dung of oxen and asses.  In the houses of the rich we meet with state apartments, lighted in the centre by a square opening, and supported by rows of wooden columns; the shafts, which were octagonal, measured ten inches in diameter, and were fixed into flat circular stone bases.

[Illustration:  108a.jpg WOODEN HEAD-REST]

Drawn by Faucher-Gudin, from a head-rest in my possession obtained at Gebelen (XIth dynasty):  the foot of the head- rest is usually solid, and cut out of a single piece of wood.

[Illustration:  108b.jpg PIGEON ON WHEELS]

     Drawn by Faucher-Gudin, from a sketch by Petrie, Hawara,
     Biahmu, and Arsinoe, pl. xiii. 21.  The original, of rough
     wood, is now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.

The family crowded themselves together into two or three rooms in winter, and slept on the roof in the open air in summer, in spite of risk from affections of the stomach and eyes; the remainder of the dwelling was used for stables or warehouses.  The store-chambers were often built in pairs; they were of brick, carefully limewashed internally, and usually assumed the form of an elongated cone, in imitation of the Government storehouses.  For the valuables which constituted the wealth of each household—­wedges of gold or silver, precious stones, ornaments for men or women—­there were places of concealment, in which the possessors attempted to hide them from robbers or from the tax-collectors.  But the latter, accustomed to the craft of the citizens, evinced a peculiar aptitude for ferreting out the hoard:  they tapped the walls, lifted and pierced the roofs,