[Footnote 19:  Mill, History of British India, vi. 433.]

[Footnote 20:  Elphinstone, History of India, p. 77.]

[Footnote 21:  Lord Lawrence said:  “Light taxation is, in my mind, the panacea for foreign rule in India.”  Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, vol. ii. p. 497.]

[Footnote 22:  The essential portions of this despatch, in so far as the purposes of the present argument are concerned, are given in Sir Richard Temple’s work (p. 185), and in Bosworth Smith’s Life of Lord Lawrence, vol. ii. p. 186.]

[Footnote 23:  Goldwin Smith, Lectures on the Study of History, p. 154.]

II

TRANSLATION AND PARAPHRASE

"The Edinburgh Review,” July 1913

When Emerson said “We like everything to do its office, whether it be a milch-cow or a rattlesnake,” he assumed, perhaps somewhat too hastily in the latter case, that all the world understands the functions which a milch-cow or a rattlesnake is called upon to perform.  No one can doubt that the office of a translator is to translate, but a wide difference of opinion may exist, and, in fact, has always existed, as to the latitude which he may allow himself in translating.  Is he to adhere rigidly to a literal rendering of the original text, or is paraphrase permissible, and, if permissible, within what limits may it be adopted?  In deciding which of these courses to pursue, the translator stands between Scylla and Charybdis.  If he departs too widely from the precise words of the text, he incurs the blame of the purist, who will accuse him of foisting language on the original author which the latter never employed, with the possible result that even the ideas or sentiments which it had been intended to convey have been disfigured.  If, on the other hand, he renders word for word, he will often find, more especially if his translation be in verse, that in a cacophonous attempt to force the genius of one language into an unnatural channel, the whole of the beauty and even, possibly, some of the real meaning of the original have been allowed to evaporate.  Dr. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, in an instructive article on Translation contributed to the Encyclopaedia Britannica quotes the high authority of Dryden as to the course which should be followed in the execution of an ideal translation.

A translator (Dryden writes) that would write with any force or spirit of an original must never dwell on the words of his author.  He ought to possess himself entirely, and perfectly comprehend the genius and sense of his author, the nature of the subject, and the terms of the art or subject treated of; and then he will express himself as justly, and with as much life, as if he wrote an original; whereas he who copies word for word loses all the spirit in the tedious transfusion.

In the application of Dryden’s canon a distinction