reading the grant to Congress and the prohibition on the States together, the inference is strong that the Constitution intended to confer an exclusive power to pass bankrupt laws on Congress.  Fifth, that the prohibition in the tenth section reaches to all contracts, existing or future, in the same way that the other prohibition, in the same section, extends to all debts, existing or future.  Sixth, that, upon any other construction, one great political object of the Constitution will fail of its accomplishment.

    DANIEL WEBSTER:  Ogden vs.  Saunders, 1827

The Summary.  The second kind—­a summary—­does somewhat the same thing that the recapitulation does, but it effects it in a different matter.  Note that the recapitulation repeats the main headings of the speech; it usually uses the same or similar phrasing.

The summary does not do this.  The summary condenses the entire material of the speech, so that it is presented to the audience in shortened, general statements, sufficient to recall to them what the speaker has already presented, without actually repeating his previous statements.  This kind of conclusion is perhaps more usual than the preceding one.  It is known by a variety of terms—­summing up, resume, epitome, review, precis, condensation.

In the first of the subjoined illustrations notice that the words “possible modes” contain practically all the speech itself.  So the four words at the end, “faction, corruption, anarchy, and despotism,” hold a great deal of the latter part of the speech.  These expressions do not repeat the heads of divisions; they condense long passages.  The extract is a summary.

I have thus presented all possible modes in which a government founded upon the will of an absolute majority will be modified; and have demonstrated that, in all its forms, whether in a majority of the people, as in a mere democracy, or in a majority of their representatives, without a constitution, to be interpreted as the will of the majority, the result will be the same:  two hostile interests will inevitably be created by the action of the government, to be followed by hostile legislation, and that by faction, corruption, anarchy, and despotism.

    JOHN C. CALHOUN:  Speech on the Force Bill, 1833

From the following pick out the expressions which summarize long passages of the preceding speech.  Amplify them to indicate what they might cover.

I firmly believe in my countrymen, and therefore I believe that the chief thing necessary in order that they shall work together is that they shall know one another—­that the Northerner shall know the Southerner, and the man of one occupation know the man of another occupation; the man who works in one walk of life know the man who works in another walk of life, so that we may realize that the things which divide us are superficial, are unimportant, and that we are, and must ever be, knit together into one indissoluble mass by our common American brotherhood.

    THEODORE ROOSEVELT at Chattanooga, 1902