The Salutation.  In all cases where speeches are made there is some person who presides.  This person may be the Vice-President of the United States presiding over the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, the president of a city board of aldermen, the judge of a court, the president of a corporation, of a lodge, of a church society, of a club, the pastor of a church, the chancellor or provost or dean of a college, the principal of a school, the chairman of a committee, the toastmaster of a banquet, the teacher of a class.  The first remark of a speaker must always be the recognition of this presiding officer.

Then there are frequently present other persons who are distinct from the ordinary members of the audience, to whom some courtesy should be shown in this salutation.  Their right to recognition depends upon their rank, their importance at the time, some special peculiar reason for separating them from the rest of the audience.  The speaker will have to decide for himself in most cases as to how far he will classify his hearers.  In some instances there is no difficulty.  Debaters must recognize the presiding officer, the judges if they be distinct from the regular audience, the members of the audience itself.  Lawyers in court must recognize only the judge and the “gentlemen of the jury.”  In a debate on the first draft for the League of Nations presided over by the Governor of Massachusetts, Senator Lodge’s salutation was “Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen, My Fellow Americans.”  The last was added unquestionably because patriotic feeling was so strong at the time that reference to our nationality was a decidedly fitting compliment, and also perhaps, because the speaker realized that his audience might be slightly prejudiced against the view he was going to advance in criticizing the League Covenant.  At times a formal salutation becomes quite long to include all to whom recognition is due.  At a university commencement a speaker might begin:  “Mr. Chancellor, Members of the Board of Trustees, Gentlemen of the Faculty, Candidates for Degrees, Ladies and Gentlemen.”

Other salutations are Your Honor, Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Madame
President, Madame Chairman, Mr. Chairman, Mr. Stevenson, Sir, Mr.
Toastmaster, Mr. Moderator, Honorable Judges, Ladies, Gentlemen,
Fellow Citizens, Classmates, Fellow Workers, Gentlemen of the Senate,
Gentlemen of the Congress, Plenipotentiaries of the German Empire, My
Lord Mayor and Citizens of London; Mr. Mayor, Mr. Secretary, Admiral
Fletcher and Gentlemen of the Fleet; Mr. Grand Master, Governor
McMillan, Mr. Mayor, My Brothers, Men and Women of Tennessee.

The most important thing about the salutation is that it should never be omitted.  To begin to speak without having first recognized some presiding officer and the audience stamps one immediately as thoughtless, unpractised, or worse still—­discourteous.