The First Negative Speaker.  The first negative speaker either agrees with the definitions and application of the proposition as announced by the first affirmative speaker or he disagrees with them.  If the latter, the mere statement of his disagreement is not sufficient.  Contradiction is not proof.  He must refute the definition and application of the proposition by strong reasoning and ample proof.  If his side does not admit the issues as already presented he must explain or prove them away and establish in their place the issues his side sees in the discussion.  When the two sides disagree concerning the issues there is a second proposition erected for discussion at once and the argument upon this second matter may crowd out the attempted argument upon the main proposition.  To obviate such shifting many schools have the sides exchange briefs or statements of issues before the debate so that some agreement will be reached upon essentials.

In addition to the matters just enumerated the first negative speaker should outline the plan his side will follow, promising exactly what things will be established by his colleagues.  If he feels that the first affirmative speaker has advanced proofs strong enough to require instant refutation he should be able to meet those points at once and dispose of them.  If they do not require immediate answering, or if they may safely be left for later refutation in the regular rebuttal, he may content himself with simply announcing that they will be answered.  He should not allow the audience to believe that his side cannot meet them.

He must not give the impression that he is evading them.  If he has to admit their truth, let him frankly say so, showing, if possible, how they do not apply or do not prove all that is claimed for them, or that though they seem strong in support of the affirmative the negative side has still stronger arguments which by comparison refute at least their effect.

The first negative speaker should not stop with mere refutation.  If the first affirmative has advanced proofs, and the first negative disposes of them, the debate is exactly where it was at the beginning.  The negative speaker must add convincing arguments of his own.  It is a good thing to start with one of the strongest negative arguments in the material.

The Second Affirmative and Second Negative Speakers.  The second affirmative and the second negative speakers have very much the same kind of speech to make.  Taking the immediate cues from the preceding speaker each may at first pay some attention to the remarks of his opponent.  Here again there must be quickly decided the question already brought up by the first negative speech—­shall arguments be refuted at once or reserved for such treatment in rebuttal?  When this decision is made the next duty of each of these second speakers is to advance his side according to the plan laid down by his first colleague.  He must make good the advance notice given of his team.