recovered his family estates at the Restoration, and, as the head of the Liberal party, was very popular.  He was elected King of the French, not of France, with a chamber of peers nominated for life only, and another of deputies elected by voters, whose qualification was two hundred francs, or eight pounds a year.  He did his utmost to gain the good will of the people, living a simple, friendly family life, and trying to merit the term of the “citizen king,” and in the earlier years of his reign he was successful.  The country was prosperous, and a great colony was settled in Algiers, and endured a long and desperate war with the wild Arab tribes.  A colony was also established in New Caledonia, in the Pacific, and attempts were carried out to compensate thus for the losses of colonial possessions which France had sustained in wars with England.  Discontents, however, began to arise, on the one hand from those who remembered only the successes of Buonaparte, and not the miseries they had caused, and on the other from the working-classes, who declared that the bourgeois, or tradespeople, had gained everything by the revolution of July, but they themselves nothing.  Louis Philippe did his best to gratify and amuse the people by sending for the remains of Napoleon, and giving him a magnificent funeral and splendid monument among his old soldiers—­the Invalides; but his popularity was waning.  In 1842 his eldest son, the Duke of Orleans, a favourite with the people, was killed by a fall from his carriage, and this was another shock to his throne.  Two young grandsons were left; and the king had also several sons, one of whom, the Duke of Montpensier, he gave in marriage to Louise, the sister and heiress presumptive to the Queen of Spain; though, by treaty with the other European Powers, it had been agreed that she should not marry a French prince unless the queen had children of her own.  Ambition for his family was a great offence to his subjects, and at the same time a nobleman, the Duke de Praslin, who had murdered his wife, committed suicide in prison to avoid public execution; and the republicans declared, whether justly or unjustly, that this had been allowed rather than let a noble die a felon’s death.

3.  The Revolution of 1848.—­In spite of the increased prosperity of the country, there was general disaffection.  There were four parties—­the Orleanists, who held by Louis Philippe and his minister Guizot, and whose badge was the tricolour; the Legitimists, who retained their loyalty to the exiled Henry, and whose symbol was the white Bourbon flag; the Buonapartists; and the Republicans, whose badge was the red cap and flag.  A demand for a franchise that should include the mass of the people was rejected, and the general displeasure poured itself out in speeches at political banquets.  An attempt to stop one of these led to an uproar.  The National Guard refused to fire on the people, and their fury rose unchecked; so that