The eastern boundary of the territory begins about 5 miles east of Mount Shasta, crosses Pit River a little east of Squaw Creek, and reaches to within 10 miles of the eastern bank of the Sacramento at Redding.  From Redding to Chico Creek the boundary is about 10 miles east of the Sacramento.  From Chico downward the Pujunan family encroaches till at the mouth of Feather River it occupies the eastern bank of the Sacramento.  The western boundary of the Copehan family begins at the northernmost point of San Pablo Bay, trends to the northwest in a somewhat irregular line till it reaches John’s Peak, from which point it follows the Coast Range to the tipper waters of Cottonwood Creek, whence it deflects to the west, crossing the headwaters of the Trinity and ending at the southern boundary of the Sastean family.

PRINCIPAL TRIBES.

  A. Patwin:  B. Wintu: 
    Chenposel.  Daupom. 
    Gruilito.  Nomlaki. 
    Korusi.  Nommuk. 
    Liwaito.  Norelmuk. 
    Lolsel.  Normuk. 
    Makhelchel.  Waikenmuk. 
    Malaka.  Wailaki. 
    Napa. 
    Olelato. 
    Olposel. 
    Suisun. 
    Todetabi. 
    Topaidisel. 
    Waikosel. 
    Wailaksel.

COSTANOAN FAMILY.

  = Costano, Latham in Trans.  Philolog.  Soc.  Lond., 82, 1856 (includes
  the Ahwastes, Olhones or Costanos, Romonans, Tulornos, Altatmos). 
  Latham, Opuscula, 348, 1860.

< Mutsun, Gatschet in Mag.  Am.  Hist., 157, 1877 (includes Ahwastes, Olhones, Altahmos, Romonans, Tulomos).  Powell in Cont.  N.A.  Eth., III, 535, 1877 (includes under this family vocabs. of Costano, Mutsun, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz).

Derivation:  From the Spanish costano, “coast-men.”

Under this group name Latham included five tribes, given above, which were under the supervision of the Mission Dolores.  He gives a few words of the Romonan language, comparing it with Tshokoyem which he finds to differ markedly.  He finally expresses the opinion that, notwithstanding the resemblance of a few words, notably personal pronouns, to Tshokoyem of the Moquelumnan group, the affinities of the dialects of the Costano are with the Salinas group, with which, however, he does not unite it but prefers to keep it by itself.  Later, in 1877, Mr. Gatschet,[34] under the family name Mutsun, united the Costano dialects with the ones classified by Latham under Moquelumnan.  This arrangement was followed by Powell in his classification of vocabularies.[35] More recent comparison of all the published material by Mr. Curtin, of the Bureau, revealed very decided and apparently radical differences between the two groups of dialects.  In 1888 Mr. H. W. Henshaw visited the coast to the north and south of San Francisco, and obtained a considerable body of linguistic material for further comparison.  The result seems fully to justify the separation of the two groups as distinct families.