3.  Political Reforms:  (a) The Reform Bill
(b) The Chartist Agitation
(c) The repeal of the Corn Laws

II. The Puritan Movement: 

1.  Its beginning under Elizabeth

2.  Its growth under James I

3.  The struggle and victory under Charles I

4.  Triumph and decay under the Commonwealth

       5.  Its dissolution under Charles II

       6.  It was the root of the resistance offered to the
       misrule of James II.

FOR TEACHERS’ REFERENCE

THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION

CORRELATION OF HISTORY AND SCIENCE

The purpose of these notes, which are condensed from the article on “Civilization” in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (latest edition), is to provide the teacher with some interesting material, by the use of which he may impress on the pupils the far-reaching effects of certain inventions and discoveries, which are in such common use to-day that they are very likely to be underestimated.  The number of lessons must be left entirely to the discretion of the teacher.

NOTES

The close relation between the progress of civilization, as told in history, and scientific inventions and discoveries is shown by Lewis H. Morgan, who has indicated nine stages in the upward march of mankind from the earliest times to the present.  There are three stages of savagery, three of barbarism, and three of civilization, the close of each stage being marked by an important discovery or invention.  The problem method may be used, by asking what each invention or discovery would enable the people to do that they could not do before.

1.  The savages in the first stage were developing speech, lived on raw nuts and fruits, and were restricted to places where they could have warmth and food.  This stage was ended by the discovery of fire.

2.  With the use of fire, their food now included fish and perhaps flesh; they could migrate to colder climates.  This stage ended with the invention of the bow and arrow.

3.  With the bow and arrow, the savage was safer from fierce animals; he could kill also to get food, and skins for clothing and tents; with stronger food and better protection he could and did migrate into more distant, colder countries.  This stage ended with the invention of pottery.

4.  Hitherto man had had no cooking utensils that could withstand fire.  Now he could boil his food, and his diet was extended to include boiled meat and vegetables.  The next stage was reached by the domestication of animals.

5.  The dog, the sheep, the ox, the camel, the horse were rapidly domesticated; some of these provided man with food independent of the chase; others gave him better, swifter means of travel and transportation.  Distant peoples were thus brought into contact and commerce began.  New ideas were gained from each other.  Larger communities were formed, and towns and cities began.  Property became individual, instead of being communal.