27.  The ancient name of Philippi was Crenides (Fountains); but Philip of Macedon fortified the place and called it after his own name.  It lay along the bank of a river on a plain in the eastern border of Proconsular Macedonia, and was made a colony by Augustus in memory of his victory gained there over Brutus and Cassius.  Compare Acts 16:12.  Its port was Neapolis on the AEgean sea about twelve Roman miles to the southeast of it.  Philippi was the first place in Europe where the gospel was preached by Paul, who had been summoned across the sea to Macedonia by a vision.  Acts 16:9.  This was during his second missionary journey, about A.D. 53.  A record of his labors and sufferings on that occasion is given in Acts 16:12-40.  In his third missionary journey he twice visited Macedonia, sailing the second time from Philippi, that is, from its port Neapolis.  Acts 20:1, 3-6.

28.  The occasion of this epistle seems to have been the contribution made by the Philippians to supply the apostle’s necessities while a prisoner in Rome.  Chap. 4:10-18.  That he was a prisoner is plain from chap. 1:13, 14, 16.  That the place of imprisonment was Rome is inferred from the general tone of the epistle, which shows that the apostle was awaiting a decision of his case, in accordance with his appeal to Caesar, with the confident expectation of a favorable result (chaps. 1:19-25; 2:23, 24), and especially from the mention of Caesar’s household (chap. 4:22).  From chap. 2:23, 24 we infer, moreover, that the time for a decision of his case was at hand.  The date of this epistle, then, was about A.D. 63.

The apostle speaks very confidently of a speedy release and restoration to the work of his apostolic office.  Chaps. 1:19, 25, 26; 2:24.  This language is important in connection with the two closely related questions, that of a second imprisonment at Rome and that of the date of the pastoral epistles.  See below, No. 35.

29.  The character of this epistle answers well to its occasion.  It is a free outpouring of the apostle’s heart towards his beloved Philippians, who had remembered him in his bonds and sent Epaphroditus to supply his wants.  He bestows upon them no censure, unless the suggestion to Euodias and Syntyche be regarded as such, but commends them for their liberality, exhorts them to steadfastness in the endurance of persecution, and admonishes them to maintain a deportment which shall be in all things such as becomes the gospel, the several parts of which he specifies in the course of the epistle, but not in any very exact order.  It is in connection with these admonitions that the apostle, while insisting on the duty of humility and self-sacrificing love, brings in that sublime description of the Saviour’s original glory and equality with God, which he laid aside for our redemption, taking upon himself the form of a servant and submitting to the death of the cross; for which act of self-abasement he is now exalted to be Lord of heaven and earth.  Chap. 2:5-11.  Intermingled with the above named commendations, exhortations, and counsels, are frequent notices respecting himself, introduced in the most natural and artless manner, and unfolding for our edification some of the deepest principles of Christian character.