THE RUSSIAN SITUATION AT THE CLOSE OF 1914.—­At the end of the year Russia, while she had achieved success in Galicia, had failed in East Prussia.  An advance toward Berlin was for the time out of the question.  Indeed the Germans had themselves taken the offensive and had entered Russian Poland.  In October an advance of German and Austrian troops threatened Warsaw, the most important city in Poland.  The Russians in spite of strong efforts were unable to drive their enemies entirely out of this region.  On the whole, therefore, the Russian situation at the end of 1914 was disappointing.  Russia’s accomplishment consisted of her victories in Galicia, and, probably more important, the drawing of German troops from the western front and the consequent weakening of Germany’s offensive in France and Belgium.  Russia was no farther on the road to Berlin than at the opening of the war.

SERBIAN RESISTANCE TO AUSTRIA.—­An Austrian attempt to overwhelm Serbia in the first weeks of the war met with disastrous failure.  This was due to two causes:  (1) the brave resistance of the Serbian troops; (2) the fact that the greater part of the Austrian forces had to be used for defense against the Russian invaders of Galicia.  Serbia after severe fighting compelled the Austrians to retreat beyond their own boundaries.  Early in September the Serbians took the offensive and began an invasion of Austria-Hungary.  This venture failed, and before long Serbia was once more resisting the enemy on her own soil.  Belgrade fell into Austrian hands on December 2.  It did not long remain in the possession of the conquerors.  On the 14th, it was regained by the Serbians, and the Austrian armies once more expelled.  The little Balkan kingdom seemed to be holding her own.

TURKEY ENTERS THE WAR.—­In the years before the war, Germany had carefully cultivated the friendship of the Turkish government.  By means of intrigue, she had practically made herself master of that country, particularly in military matters.  The Turkish army had been trained by Germans, and many of its officers were Germans.  Although at the opening of the war Turkey declared herself neutral, she soon showed herself an ally of the Central Powers.  There is evidence to show that as early as August 4 she had entered into a secret treaty with Germany.  In October Turkey startled the world by bombarding a Russian port on the Black Sea and destroying French and Russian vessels at Odessa.  These acts were regarded by Russia as acts of war.  A few days later France and Great Britain declared war on Turkey.

[Illustration:  GERMAN COLONIES and locations of early naval engagements.]

Germany welcomed the entrance of Turkey into the war for two reasons.  In the first place she expected that the Mohammedans under English and French rule, that is, those living in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, and India, would join the Turkish Sultan, the religious head of the Mohammedan world, and engage in a “Holy War” against Great Britain and France.  In this hope she was doomed to disappointment.  In the second place Germany rejoiced at the arrival of a new enemy for Russia who might keep the Russians occupied along their southern borders and so weaken their efforts on other fronts.