[Footnote 37:  Herod., vi. 117.]

[Footnote 38:  Parallel, 7.]

[Footnote 39:  Dissert., 15. 7.]

[Footnote 40:  Dissert., 15. 7.]

[Footnote 41:  3. 19. 12.]

[Footnote 42:  Narr., 18.]

[Footnote 43:  G. Carducci, “Presso l’urna di P.B.  Shelley,” in the Odi Barbare.]

IV

NECROMANCY

The belief that it was possible to call up the souls of the dead by means of spells was almost universal in antiquity.  We know that even Saul, who had himself cut off those that had familiar spirits and the wizards out of the land, disguised himself and went with two others to consult the witch of En-dor; that she called up the spirit of Samuel at his request; that Samuel asked Saul, “Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up?” and then prophesied his ruin and death at the hands of the Philistines at Mount Gilboa.  We find frequent references to the practice in classical literature.  The elder Pliny[44] gives us the interesting information that spirits refuse to obey people afflicted with freckles.

There were always certain spots hallowed by tradition as particularly favourable to intercourse with the dead, or even as being actual entrances to the lower world.  For instance, at Heraclea in Pontus there was a famous [Greek:  psychomanteion], or place where the souls of the dead could be conjured up and consulted, as Hercules was believed to have dragged Cerberus up to earth here.  Other places supposed to be connected with this myth had a similar legend attached to them, as also did all places where Pluto was thought to have carried off Persephone.  Thus we hear of entrances to Hades at Eleusis,[45] at Colonus,[46] at Enna in Sicily,[47] and finally at the lovely pool of Cyane, up the Anapus River, near Syracuse, one of the few streams in which the papyrus still flourishes.[48] Lakes and seas also were frequently believed to be entrances to Hades.[49]

The existence of sulphurous fumes easily gave rise to a belief that certain places were in direct communication with the lower world.  This was the case at Cumae where AEneas consulted the Sybil, and at Colonus; while at Hierapolis in Phrygia there was a famous “Plutonium,” which could only be safely approached by the priests of Cybele.[50] It was situated under a temple of Apollo, a real entrance to Hades; and it is doubtless to this that Cicero refers when he speaks of the deadly “Plutonia” he had seen in Asia.[51] These “Plutonia” or “Charonia” are, in fact, places where mephitic vapours exist, like the Grotto del Cane and other spots in the neighbourhood of Naples and Pozzuoli.  The priests must either have become used to the fumes, or have learnt some means of counteracting them; otherwise their lives can hardly have been more pleasant than that of the unfortunate dog which used to be exhibited in the Naples grotto, though the control of these very realistic entrances to the kingdom of Pluto must have been a very profitable business, well worth a little personal inconvenience.  Others are mentioned by Strabo at Magnesia and Myus,[52] and there was one at Cyllene, in Arcadia.