The study of natural internal stresses is of importance, not only with reference to gun making, but also in respect of other structures where great resistance is required.  All have heard of the sudden failure of crank shafts and piston rods, of the bursting of boiler shells and tubes, of the breaking of tires, etc.  In the majority of cases the investigations into the causes of such sudden failures have not led to any definite results.  It has usually been found that the metal possessed a satisfactory elastic resistance, and satisfied all the conditions set down in the specifications.  Had attention been paid during these investigations to the state of the internal stresses in the metal, the cause of unlooked-for accidents might have been explained, and steps would consequently have been taken to avoid them in future.

We are also familiar with the development of considerable internal stresses in various kinds of steel articles which are subjected to hardening and tempering; for example, as dies, tools of various description, sword blades, and thin plates rolled at a low temperature or subjected to cold hammering.  In the foundry the appearance of internal stresses is of still more frequent occurrence.  The neglect of certain practical rules in casting, and during the subsequent cooling, leads to the spontaneous breakage of castings after a few hours or days, although taken out of the sand apparently perfectly sound.  Projectiles for penetrating armor plate, and made of cast steel, as well as shells which have been forged and hardened, and in which the metal possessed an ultimate resistance of over twelve thousand (12,000) atmospheres, with an elastic limit of more than six or seven thousand atmospheres, will crack to a serious extent, and even break up in the lathe, while the recess for the copper ring is being turned out.  In shell of this nature, as well as in chilled cast iron shell, the heads are apt to fly off spontaneously either while they are lying in store or during transport.  Such phenomena, it seems to me, demonstrate the existence of internal stresses of considerable magnitude in the metal of the projectiles, and it is highly probable that the manufacture of many articles would have approached nearer to perfection had more attention been bestowed upon the study of the internal stresses which they were liable to.  Having thus explained the nature and importance of the subject, I will proceed to describe the experiments which I have made with a view to its illustration.—­London Engineer.

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ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.[1]

   [Footnote 1:  Delivered before the Society of Arts, London,
   November 28, 1887.  From the Journal of the Society.]

BY H.H.  STATHAM.

LECTURE I.