Mme. de Maintenon may be called “a woman of fate,” She was never daughter, mother, or wife; as a child, she was not loved by her mother, and her father was worthless; married to two men, both aged beyond their years, she was, indeed, but an instrument of fate.  Truthful, candid, and discreet she was entirely free from all morbid tendencies, and was modest and chaste from inclination as well as from principle.  Though outwardly cold, proud, and reserved, yet in her deportment toward those who were fortunate enough to possess her esteem, she was kind—­even loving.  While not intelligent to a remarkable degree, she was prudent, circumspect, and shrewd, never losing her self-control.  When once interested, and convinced as to the proper course, she displayed marvellous strength of will, sagacity, and personal force.  Beautiful and witty, she easily adapted herself to any position in which she might be placed; though intolerant and narrow in her religious views, she was otherwise gentle, charitable, and unselfish.  Therefore, it is evident that she possessed, to a greater degree than did any other woman of her time, unusual as well as desirable qualities—­qualities that made her powerful and incomparable.

Chapter VI

Mme. de Sevigne, Mme. de La Fayette, Mme. Dacier, Mme. de Caylus

The seventeenth century was, in French history, the greatest century from the standpoint of literary perfection, the sixteenth century the richest in naissant ideas, and the eighteenth the greatest in the way of developing and formulating those ideas; and each century produced great women who were in perfect harmony with and expressed the ideals of each period of civilization.

It is not within the limits of reason to expect women to rival, in literature, the great writers such as Corneille, Racine, Moliere, Bossuet, La Fontaine, Descartes, Pascal—­most of whom were but little influenced by femininity; there were those, however, among the sex, who were conspicuous for elevation of thought, dignity in manner and bearing, and brilliancy in conversation—­attributes which they have left to posterity in numberless exquisite and charming letters, in interesting and invaluable memoirs, or in consummate psychological and social portraitures incorporated into the form of novels.  Among female writers of letters, Mme. de Sevigne wears the laurel wreath; Mme. de La Fayette, with Mlle. de Scudery, is the representative of the novel; Mme. Dacier was the great advocate of the more liberal education of women; and the Souvenirs of Mme. de Caylus made that authoress immortal.