by a disclaimer so as to escape the burthen of higher taxation and attendance in Parliament which it involved.  How far this diminution had gone we may see from the fact that hardly more than a hundred barons sat in the earlier Councils of Edward’s reign.  But while the number of those who actually exercised the privilege of assisting in Parliament was rapidly diminishing, the numbers and wealth of the “lesser baronage,” whose right of attendance had become a mere constitutional tradition, was as rapidly increasing.  The long peace and prosperity of the realm, the extension of its commerce and the increased export of wool, were swelling the ranks and incomes of the country gentry as well as of the freeholders and substantial yeomanry.  We have already noticed the effects of the increase of wealth in begetting a passion for the possession of land which makes this reign so critical a period in the history of the English freeholder; but the same tendency had to some extent existed in the preceding century, and it was a consciousness of the growing importance of this class of rural proprietors which induced the barons at the moment of the Great Charter to make their fruitless attempt to induce them to take part in the deliberations of the Great Council.  But while the barons desired their presence as an aid against the Crown, the Crown itself desired it as a means of rendering taxation more efficient.  So long as the Great Council remained a mere assembly of magnates it was necessary for the King’s ministers to treat separately with the other orders of the state as to the amount and assessment of their contributions.  The grant made in the Great Council was binding only on the barons and prelates who made it; but before the aids of the boroughs, the Church, or the shires could reach the royal treasury, a separate negotiation had to be conducted by the officers of the Exchequer with the reeves of each town, the sheriff and shire-court of each county, and the archdeacons of each diocese.  Bargains of this sort would be the more tedious and disappointing as the necessities of the Crown increased in the later years of Edward, and it became a matter of fiscal expediency to obtain the sanction of any proposed taxation through the presence of these classes in the Great Council itself.

The effort however to revive the old personal attendance of the lesser baronage which had broken down half a century before could hardly be renewed at a time when the increase of their numbers made it more impracticable than ever; but a means of escape from this difficulty was fortunately suggested by the very nature of the court through which alone a summons could be addressed to the landed knighthood.  Amidst the many judicial reforms of Henry or Edward the Shire Court remained unchanged.  The haunted mound or the immemorial oak round which the assembly gathered (for the court was often held in the open air) were the relics of a time before the free kingdom had sunk into a shire