result was the fixing of the royal residence in their new southern dominion at Edinburgh; and the English civilization which surrounded them from the moment of this settlement on what was purely English ground changed the Scot kings in all but blood into Englishmen.  The marriage of King Malcolm with Margaret, the sister of Eadgar AEtheling, not only hastened this change but opened a way to the English crown.  Their children were regarded by a large party within England as representatives of the older royal race and as claimants of the throne, and this danger grew as William’s devastation of the North not only drove fresh multitudes of Englishmen to settle in the Lowlands but filled the Scotch court with English nobles who fled thither for refuge.  So formidable indeed became the pretensions of the Scot kings that they forced the ablest of our Norman sovereigns into a complete change of policy.  The Conqueror and William the Red had met the threats of the Scot sovereigns by invasions which ended again and again in an illusory homage, but the marriage of Henry the First with the Scottish Matilda robbed the claims of the Scottish line of much of their force while it enabled him to draw their kings into far closer relations with the Norman throne.  King David not only abandoned the ambitious dreams of his predecessors to place himself at the head of his niece Matilda’s party in her contest with Stephen, but as Henry’s brother-in-law he figured as the first noble of the English Court and found English models and English support in the work of organization which he attempted within his own dominions.  As the marriage with Margaret had changed Malcolm from a Celtic chieftain into an English king, so that of Matilda brought about the conversion of David into a Norman and feudal sovereign.  His court was filled with Norman nobles from the South, such as the Balliols and Bruces who were destined to play so great a part afterwards but who now for the first time obtained fiefs in the Scottish realm, and a feudal jurisprudence modelled on that of England was introduced into the Lowlands.

[Sidenote:  Scotch and English Crowns]

A fresh connexion between Scotland and the English sovereigns began with the grant of lordships within England itself to the Scot kings or their sons.  The Earldom of Northumberland was held by David’s son Henry, that of Huntingdon by David, brother of William the Lion.  Homage was sometimes rendered, whether for these lordships, for the Lowlands, or for the whole Scottish realm, but it was the capture of William the Lion during the revolt of the English baronage which first suggested to the ambition of Henry the Second the project of a closer dependence of Scotland on the English Crown.  To gain his freedom William consented to hold his kingdom of Henry and his heirs.  The prelates and lords of Scotland did homage to Henry as to their direct lord, and a right of appeal in all Scotch causes was allowed to the superior court of the English suzerain.  From