to summarize a number of previous enactments contained in the Great Charter, the Provisions of Oxford, and the Statute of Marlborough, as well as to embody some of the administrative measures of Henry the Second and his son.  But a more pressing need than that of a codification of the law was the need of a reorganization of finance.  While the necessities of the Crown were growing with the widening of its range of administrative action, the revenues of the Crown admitted of no corresponding expansion.  In the earliest times of our history the outgoings of the Crown were as small as its income.  All local expenses, whether for justice or road-making or fortress-building, were paid by local funds; and the national “fyrd” served at its own cost in the field.  The produce of a king’s private estates with the provisions due to him from the public lands scattered over each county, whether gathered by the king himself as he moved over his realm, or as in later days fixed at a stated rate and collected by his sheriff, were sufficient to defray the mere expenses of the Court.  The Danish wars gave the first shock to this simple system.  To raise a ransom which freed the land from the invader, the first land-tax, under the name of the Danegeld, was laid on every hide of ground; and to this national taxation the Norman kings added the feudal burthens of the new military estates created by the Conquest, reliefs paid on inheritance, profits of marriages and wardship, and the three feudal aids.  But foreign warfare soon exhausted these means of revenue; the barons and bishops in their Great Council were called on at each emergency for a grant from their lands, and at each grant a corresponding demand was made by the king as a landlord on the towns, as lying for the most part in the royal demesne.  The cessation of Danegeld under Henry the Second and his levy of scutage made little change in the general incidence of taxation:  it still fell wholly on the land, for even the townsmen paid as holders of their tenements.  But a new principle of taxation was disclosed in the tithe levied for a Crusade at the close of Henry’s reign.  Land was no longer the only source of wealth.  The growth of national prosperity, of trade and commerce, was creating a mass of personal property which offered irresistible temptations to the Angevin financiers.  The old revenue from landed property was restricted and lessened by usage and compositions.  Scutage was only due for foreign campaigns:  the feudal aids only on rare and stated occasions:  and though the fines from the shire-courts grew with the growth of society the dues from the public lands were fixed and incapable of developement.  But no usage fettered the Crown in dealing with personal property, and its growth in value promised a growing revenue.  From the close of Henry the Second’s reign therefore this became the most common form of taxation.  Grants of from a seventh to a thirtieth of moveables, household-property, and stock were demanded; and it was the necessity of procuring their assent to these demands which enabled the baronage through the reign of Henry the Third to bring a financial pressure to bear on the Crown.