met by the refusal of Henry the Third to accept a divided allegiance.  The refusal marks the rapid growth of that sentiment of nationality which the loss of Normandy had brought home.  Amaury chose to remain French, and by a family arrangement with the king’s sanction the honour of Leicester passed in 1231 to his younger brother Simon.  His choice made Simon an Englishman, but his foreign blood still moved the jealousy of the barons, and this jealousy was quickened by a secret match in 1238 with Eleanor, the king’s sister and widow of the second William Marshal.  The match formed probably part of a policy which Henry pursued throughout his reign of bringing the great earldoms into closer connexion with the Crown.  That of Chester had fallen to the king through the extinction of the family of its earls; Cornwall was held by his brother, Richard; Salisbury by his cousin.  Simon’s marriage linked the Earldom of Leicester to the royal house.  But it at once brought Simon into conflict with the nobles and the Church.  The baronage, justly indignant that such a step should have been taken without their consent, for the queen still remained childless and Eleanor’s children by one whom they looked on as a stranger promised to be heirs of the Crown, rose in a revolt which failed only through the desertion of their head, Earl Richard of Cornwall, who was satisfied with Earl Simon’s withdrawal from the Royal Council.  The censures of the Church on Eleanor’s breach of a vow of chaste widowhood which she had made at her first husband’s death were averted with hardly less difficulty by a journey to Rome.  It was after a year of trouble that Simon returned to England to reap as it seemed the fruits of his high alliance.  He was now formally made Earl of Leicester and re-entered the Royal Council.  But it is probable that he still found there the old jealousy which had forced from him a pledge of retirement after his marriage; and that his enemies now succeeded in winning over the king.  In a few months, at any rate, he found the changeable king alienated from him, he was driven by a burst of royal passion from the realm, and was forced to spend seven months in France.

[Sidenote:  Simon’s early action]

Henry’s anger passed as quickly as it had risen, and in the spring of 1240 the Earl was again received with honour at court.  It was from this moment however that his position changed.  As yet it had been that of a foreigner, confounded in the eyes of the nation at large with the Poitevins and Provencals who swarmed about the court.  But in the years of retirement which followed Simon’s return to England his whole attitude was reversed.  There was as yet no quarrel with the king:  he followed him in a campaign across the Channel, and shared in his defeat at Saintes.  But he was a friend of Grosseteste and a patron of the Friars, and became at last known as a steady opponent of the misrule about him.  When prelates and barons chose twelve representatives to confer with Henry in 1244 Simon