[37] Life of Mohammed, p. 341; Sura ii, 257; xxix, 46.

[38] The only exceptions were the Jews of Kheibar and the Christians of Najran, who were permitted to continue in the profession of their faith.  They were, however, forced by Omar to quit the peninsula, which thenceforward remained exclusively Mohammedan.

“Islam” is a synonym for the Mussulman faith.  Its original meaning is “surrender” of one’s self to God.

[39] Apology of Al Kindy, the Christian, p. 18.  Smith & Elder, 1882.  This remarkable apologist will be noticed further below.

[40] Principal Fairbairn:  “The Primitive Polity of Islam,” Contemporary Review, December, 1882, pp. 866, 867.

[41] Herr von Kremer, Culturgeschichte des Orients, unter den Chalifen, vol. i, p. 383.

[42] Annals of the Early Caliphate, p. 9.  Smith & Elder, 1883.

[43] Gibbon’s Decline and Fall, chapter li, and Annals of the Early Caliphate, p. 184.

[44] Ibid.; and Sura xliv, v. 25. We—­that is, the Lord.

[45] Annals of the Early Caliphate, p. 46.

[46] See, for example, Sura lxxviii:  “Verily for the pious there is a blissful abode:  gardens and vineyards; and damsels with swelling bosoms, of a fitting age; and a full cup.  Lovely large-eyed girls, like pearls hidden in their shells, a reward for that which the faithful shall have wrought.  Verily We have created them of a rare creation, virgins, young and fascinating....  Modest damsels averting their eyes, whom no man shall have known before, nor any Jinn,” etc.

The reader will not fail to be struck by the materialistic character of Mohammed’s paradise.

[47] See Sura Jehad; also Annals of the Early Caliphate, p. 167, et. seq.

[48] Annals of the Early Caliphate, p. 105, et. seq.

[49] See Annals, etc., p. 253.

[50] Sura ix, v. 30.

[51] So Jews and Christians as possessing the Bible are named in the Koran.

[52] See Annals, etc., p. 213.

[53] The Apology of Al Kindy, written at the court of Al Mamun A.H. 215 (A.D. 830), with an essay on its age and authorship, p. 12.  Smith & Elder, 1882.

[54] Ibid., p. 34.

[55] Apology, p. 47, et. seq.

[56] Alluding to the “Ansar,” or mortal “Helpers” of Mohammed at Medina.  Throughout, the apologist, it will be observed, is drawing a contrast with the means used for the spread of Islam.

[57] Apology, p. 16.

[58] Apology, p. 57.

[59] I am not here comparing the value of these observances with those of other religions.  I am inquiring only how far the obligations of Islam may be held to involve hardship or sacrifice such as might have retarded the progress of Islam by rendering it on its first introduction unpopular.