If we realise the situation, then, we shall, I think, repress the wish that Hamlet had ‘made some other defence’ than that of madness.  We shall feel only tragic sympathy.

* * * * *

As I have referred to Hamlet’s apology, I will add a remark on it from a different point of view.  It forms another refutation of the theory that Hamlet has delayed his vengeance till he could publicly convict the King, and that he has come back to Denmark because now, with the evidence of the commission in his pocket, he can safely accuse him.  If that were so, what better opportunity could he possibly find than this occasion, where he has to express his sorrow to Laertes for the grievous wrongs which he has unintentionally inflicted on him?

NOTE H.

THE EXCHANGE OF RAPIERS.

I am not going to discuss the question how this exchange ought to be managed.  I wish merely to point out that the stage-direction fails to show the sequence of speeches and events.  The passage is as follows (Globe text): 

Ham. Come, for the third, Laertes:  you but dally;
I pray you, pass with your best violence;
I am afeard you make a wanton of me.

Laer. Say you so? come on. [They play.

Osr. Nothing, neither way.

Laer. Have at you now!

[Laertes wounds Hamlet; then, in scuffling, they
change rapiers, and Hamlet wounds Laertes.[264]

King. Part them; they are incensed.

Ham. Nay, come, again. The Queen falls.[265]

Osr. Look to the Queen there, ho!

Hor. They bleed on both sides.  How is it, my lord?

Osr. How is’t, Laertes?

The words ‘and Hamlet wounds Laertes’ in Rowe’s stage-direction destroy the point of the words given to the King in the text.  If Laertes is already wounded, why should the King care whether the fencers are parted or not?  What makes him cry out is that, while he sees his purpose effected as regards Hamlet, he also sees Laertes in danger through the exchange of foils in the scuffle.  Now it is not to be supposed that Laertes is particularly dear to him; but he sees instantaneously that, if Laertes escapes the poisoned foil, he will certainly hold his tongue about the plot against Hamlet, while, if he is wounded, he may confess the truth; for it is no doubt quite evident to the King that Laertes has fenced tamely because his conscience is greatly troubled by the treachery he is about to practise.  The King therefore, as soon as he sees the exchange of foils, cries out, ‘Part them; they are incensed.’  But Hamlet’s blood is up.  ‘Nay, come, again,’ he calls to Laertes, who cannot refuse to play, and now is wounded by Hamlet.  At the very same moment the Queen falls to the ground; and ruin rushes on the King from the right hand and the left.