to spy into abuses.  In these admissions he characteristically exaggerated his fault, as plain-dealers are apt to do; and he was liked none the less for it, seeing that his satire was humorous, that on serious matters he did not speak lightly (III. iii. 119), and that the one thing perfectly obvious about him was his honesty.  ‘Honest’ is the word that springs to the lips of everyone who speaks of him.  It is applied to him some fifteen times in the play, not to mention some half-dozen where he employs it, in derision, of himself.  In fact he was one of those sterling men who, in disgust at gush, say cynical things which they do not believe, and then, the moment you are in trouble, put in practice the very sentiment they had laughed at.  On such occasions he showed the kindliest sympathy and the most eager desire to help.  When Cassio misbehaved so dreadfully and was found fighting with Montano, did not Othello see that ’honest Iago looked dead with grieving’?  With what difficulty was he induced, nay, compelled, to speak the truth against the lieutenant!  Another man might have felt a touch of satisfaction at the thought that the post he had coveted was now vacant; but Iago not only comforted Cassio, talking to him cynically about reputation, just to help him over his shame, but he set his wits to work and at once perceived that the right plan for Cassio to get his post again was to ask Desdemona to intercede.  So troubled was he at his friend’s disgrace that his own wife was sure ’it grieved her husband as if the case was his.’  What wonder that anyone in sore trouble, like Desdemona, should send at once for Iago (IV. ii. 106)?  If this rough diamond had any flaw, it was that Iago’s warm loyal heart incited him to too impulsive action.  If he merely heard a friend like Othello calumniated, his hand flew to his sword; and though he restrained himself he almost regretted his own virtue (I. ii. 1-10).

Such seemed Iago to the people about him, even to those who, like Othello, had known him for some time.  And it is a fact too little noticed but most remarkable, that he presented an appearance not very different to his wife.  There is no sign either that Emilia’s marriage was downright unhappy, or that she suspected the true nature of her husband.[110] No doubt she knew rather more of him than others.  Thus we gather that he was given to chiding and sometimes spoke shortly and sharply to her (III. iii. 300 f.); and it is quite likely that she gave him a good deal of her tongue in exchange (II. i. 101 f.).  He was also unreasonably jealous; for his own statement that he was jealous of Othello is confirmed by Emilia herself, and must therefore be believed (IV. ii. 145).[111] But it seems clear that these defects of his had not seriously impaired Emilia’s confidence in her husband or her affection for him.  She knew in addition that he was not quite so honest as he seemed, for he had often begged her to steal Desdemona’s handkerchief.  But Emilia’s nature was not