Payne-Aldrich bill
(528), Underwood bill (588).
4.  Foreign and domestic commerce and transportation
(see Tariff, Immigration, and Foreign Relations).
a. British imperial regulations (69-72).
b. Confusion under Articles of Confederation (140).
c. Provisions of federal Constitution (150).
d. Internal improvements—­aid to roads, canals, etc.
(230-236).
e. Aid to railways (403).
f. Service of railways (402).
g. Regulation of railways (460-461, 547-548).
h. Control of trusts and corporations (461-462, 589-590).
5.  Land and natural resources.
a. British control over lands (80).
b. Early federal land measures (219-221).
c. The Homestead act (368, 432-445).
d. Irrigation and reclamation (434-436, 523-525).
e. Conservation of natural resources (523-526).
6.  Legislation advancing human rights and general welfare
(see Suffrage).
a. Abolition of slavery:  civil and political rights of
negroes (357-358, 373-375).
b. Extension of civil and political rights to women
(554-568).
c. Legislation relative to labor conditions (549-551,
579-581, 590-591).
d. Control of public utilities (547-549).
e. Social reform and the war on poverty (549-551).
f. Taxation and equality of opportunity (551-552).

=Political Parties and Political Issues=

I. The Federalists versus the Anti-Federalists [Jeffersonian
Republicans] from about 1790 to about 1816 (168-208, 201-203).
1.  Federalist leaders:  Hamilton, John Adams, John Marshall,
Robert Morris.
2.  Anti-Federalist leaders:  Jefferson, Madison, Monroe.
3.  Issues:  funding the debt, assumption of state debts, first
United States bank, taxation, tariff, strong central
government versus states’ rights, and the Alien and
Sedition acts. 
II.  Era of “Good Feeling” from about 1816 to about 1824, a period
of no organized party opposition (248). 
III.  The Democrats [former Jeffersonian Republicans] versus the
Whigs [or National Republicans] from about 1832 to 1856
(238-265, 276-290, 324-334).
1.  Democratic leaders:  Jackson, Van Buren, Calhoun, Benton.
2.  Whig leaders:  Webster and Clay.
3.  Issues:  second United States bank, tariff, nullification,
Texas, internal improvements, and disposition of Western
lands. 
IV.  The Democrats versus the Republicans from about 1856 to the
present time (334-377, 388-389, 412-422, 451-475, 489-534,
588-620).
1.  Democratic leaders:  Jefferson Davis, Tilden, Cleveland,
Bryan, and Wilson.
2.  Republican leaders:  Lincoln, Blaine, McKinley, Roosevelt.
3.  Issues:  Civil War and reconstruction, currency, tariff,
taxation, trusts, railways, foreign policies, imperialism,
labor questions, and policies with regard