VII.   THE FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION                          139
The Promise and the Difficulties of America              139
The Calling of a Constitutional Convention               143
The Framing of the Constitution                          146
The Struggle over Ratification                           157

VIII.   THE CLASH OF POLITICAL PARTIES                             162
The Men and Measures of the New Government               162
The Rise of Political Parties                            168
Foreign Influences and Domestic Politics                 171

IX.   THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS IN POWER                      186
Republican Principles and Policies                       186
The Republicans and the Great West                       188
The Republican War for Commercial Independence           193
The Republicans Nationalized                             201
The National Decisions of Chief Justice Marshall         208
Summary of Union and National Politics                   212

PART IV.  THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

X.  THE FARMERS BEYOND THE APPALACHIANS                        217
Preparation for Western Settlement                       217
The Western Migration and New States                     221
The Spirit of the Frontier                               228
The West and the East Meet                               230

XI.   JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY                                       238
The Democratic Movement in the East                      238
The New Democracy Enters the Arena                       244
The New Democracy at Washington                          250
The Rise of the Whigs                                    260
The Interaction of American and European Opinion         265

XII.   THE MIDDLE BORDER AND THE GREAT WEST                       271
The Advance of the Middle Border                         271
On to the Pacific—­Texas and the Mexican War             276
The Pacific Coast and Utah                               284
Summary of Western Development and National Politics     292

PART V. SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION

XIII.   THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM                          295
The Industrial Revolution                                296
The Industrial Revolution and National Politics          307

XIV.   THE PLANTING SYSTEM AND NATIONAL POLITICS                  316
Slavery—­North and South                                 316
Slavery in National Politics                             324
The Drift of Events toward the Irrepressible Conflict    332

XV.   THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION                           344
The Southern Confederacy                                 344
The War Measures of the Federal Government               350
The Results of the Civil War                             365
Reconstruction in the South                              370
Summary of the Sectional Conflict                        375

PART VI.  NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS