=Effect of European War on American Trade.=—­Callender, Economic History of the United States, pp. 240-250.

=The Monroe Message.=—­Macdonald, pp. 318-320.

=Lewis and Clark Expedition.=—­R.G.  Thwaites, Rocky Mountain Explorations, pp. 92-187.  Schafer, A History of the Pacific Northwest (rev. ed.), pp. 29-61.

PART IV.  THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

CHAPTER X

THE FARMERS BEYOND THE APPALACHIANS

The nationalism of Hamilton was undemocratic.  The democracy of Jefferson was, in the beginning, provincial.  The historic mission of uniting nationalism and democracy was in the course of time given to new leaders from a region beyond the mountains, peopled by men and women from all sections and free from those state traditions which ran back to the early days of colonization.  The voice of the democratic nationalism nourished in the West was heard when Clay of Kentucky advocated his American system of protection for industries; when Jackson of Tennessee condemned nullification in a ringing proclamation that has taken its place among the great American state papers; and when Lincoln of Illinois, in a fateful hour, called upon a bewildered people to meet the supreme test whether this was a nation destined to survive or to perish.  And it will be remembered that Lincoln’s party chose for its banner that earlier device—­Republican—­which Jefferson had made a sign of power.  The “rail splitter” from Illinois united the nationalism of Hamilton with the democracy of Jefferson, and his appeal was clothed in the simple language of the people, not in the sonorous rhetoric which Webster learned in the schools.

PREPARATION FOR WESTERN SETTLEMENT

=The West and the American Revolution.=—­The excessive attention devoted by historians to the military operations along the coast has obscured the role played by the frontier in the American Revolution.  The action of Great Britain in closing western land to easy settlement in 1763 was more than an incident in precipitating the war for independence.  Americans on the frontier did not forget it; when Indians were employed by England to defend that land, zeal for the patriot cause set the interior aflame.  It was the members of the western vanguard, like Daniel Boone, John Sevier, and George Rogers Clark, who first understood the value of the far-away country under the guns of the English forts, where the Red Men still wielded the tomahawk and the scalping knife.  It was they who gave the East no rest until their vision was seen by the leaders on the seaboard who directed the course of national policy.  It was one of their number, a seasoned Indian fighter, George Rogers Clark, who with aid from Virginia seized Kaskaskia and Vincennes and secured the whole Northwest to the union while the fate of Washington’s army was still hanging in the balance.