thoroughly deodorized.  About 100 lb. of sublimed sulphur is then added, and the agitation is continued for another two hours.  The oil having been allowed to settle all night, the litharge solution is drawn off, and the oil run into a shallow tank or “bleacher,” where it is exposed to the light to improve its color, and is, if necessary, steamed to drive off the lighter hydrocarbons and raise the flashing point to the legal minimum of 95 deg.  F. To raise the flashing point from 73 deg.  F. to 95 deg.  F.  (Abel test) is stated to involve in practice a loss of 10 per cent., the burning quality of the oil being at the same time seriously impaired, and upon this ground the Ontario refiners in 1886 petitioned for a reduction of the test standard.

The average percentage yield of the various products is given in the following table: 

Naphtha. 5
Kerosene. 42
Gas oil. 8
Tar. 25
Coke. 10
Loss (including water). 10
—–­
100

There are a dozen petroleum refineries in Canada, and the annual outturn of kerosene is about 200,000 barrels of 45 imperial gallons per annum.  The total consumption of kerosene in Canada is about 300,000 barrels, one-third of which is manufactured in the United States.  The United States oil is subject to a duty of 40 cents on the package and 7-1/5 cents per imperial gallon on the contents, besides which there is an inspection fee of 30 cents per package.  Of lubricating oils the outturn is from 75,000 to 100,000 barrels per annum.

The quality of Canadian kerosene has been greatly improved of late years, but notwithstanding the elaborate process of refining, the oil, though thoroughly deodorized and of good color, contains sulphur, and of course evolves sulphur compounds in its combustion.

The rules of the Petrolia Oil Exchange provide that refined kerosene shall be of the odor “locally known as inoffensive,” and shall “absolutely stand the test of oxide of lead in a strong solution of caustic soda without change of color.”

The “burning percentage” in the case of “Extra Refined Oil,” “Water White” in color, and of specific gravity not exceeding 0.800, is required to be not less than 70; in the case of “No. 1 Refined Oil,” “Prime White” in color, not less than 60; and in the case of “No. 2 Refined Oil,” “Standard White” in color, to be not less than 55.

The “burning percentage” is determined by the use of a lamp thus described:  “The bowl of the lamp is cylindrical, 4 in. in diameter and 23/4 in. deep, with a neck placed thereon of such a height that the top of the wick tube is 3 in. above the bowl.  A sun-hinge burner is used, taking a wick 7/8 in. wide and 1/8 in. thick, and a chimney about 8 in. long.”  The test is conducted as follows:  “The lamp bowl is filled with the oil and weighed, then lighted and turned up full flame just below the smoking point, and burned without interference till 12 oz. of the oil is consumed.  The quantity consumed during the first hour and the last hour is noted.”  The ratio of the two quantities is the measure of the burning quality, and the percentage that the latter quantity is of the former is the “burning percentage” referred to.